Genesis 10 — Hebrew and Greek compared
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Same 9 Similar 7 Different 10 Divergent 2 Disparate 4
Disparate in this chapter: 10:8, 10:9, 10:22, 10:24
Each verse is rendered independently from the Hebrew (Rabbinic reading tradition) and from the Greek (Saints reading tradition). The badge classifies the relationship between the two readings; the note beneath records the source document’s comparison and attributed interpretation. Each column retains its own verse references where numbering differs.
Table of Nations
10:1 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:1 Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth; and sons were born to them after the flood.
Greek · Saints priority
10:1 Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth; and sons were born to them after the flood.
The corresponding content agrees; ordinary name transliterations are normalized.
The Japhethites
10:2 Divergent
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:2 The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.
Greek · Saints priority
10:2 The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Elishah, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.
G adds Elishah among the sons of Japheth; both also name Elishah under Javan in verse 4.
10:3 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:3 And the sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
Greek · Saints priority
10:3 And the sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
The corresponding content agrees; ordinary name transliterations are normalized.
10:4 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:4 The sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim.
Greek · Saints priority
10:4 The sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, and Rhodians.
H reads Dodanim; G names Rhodians. The different designation is retained without claiming which arose first.
10:5 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:5 From these the coastlands of the nations were separated in their lands, each according to its language, by their families, in their nations.
Greek · Saints priority
10:5 From these the islands of the nations were separated in their land, each according to its language, by their tribes, in their nations.
H coastlands has wider maritime scope than G islands; H families corresponds to G tribes.
The Hamites
10:6 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:6 And the sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan.
Greek · Saints priority
10:6 And the sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan.
The corresponding content agrees; ordinary name transliterations are normalized.
10:7 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:7 And the sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabteca. And the sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan.
Greek · Saints priority
10:7 And the sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabteca. And the sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan.
The corresponding content agrees; ordinary name transliterations are normalized.
10:8 Disparate
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:8 Cush begat Nimrod; he began to be a mighty man on the earth.
Greek · Saints priority
10:8 Cush begat Nimrod; he began to be a giant on the earth.
G uses giant where H has a mighty man, changing the portrayal through the vocabulary also used at 6:4. Neither text here explicitly calls him corrupted.
10:9 Disparate
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:9 He was a mighty hunter before YHWH. Therefore it is said, “Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before YHWH.”
Greek · Saints priority
10:9 He was a giant hunter before the Lord God. Therefore they will say, “Like Nimrod, a giant hunter before the Lord.”
The mighty man/giant distinction continues. G additionally has Lord God in the first clause. Before need not itself mean in rebellion against.
10:10 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:10 The beginning of his kingdom was Babel, Erech, Akkad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
Greek · Saints priority
10:10 The beginning of his kingdom was Babylon, Erech, Akkad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
Babel and Babylon represent the related Hebrew and Greek place names.
10:11 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:11 From that land Asshur went out and built Nineveh, Rehoboth-Ir, and Calah,
Greek · Saints priority
10:11 From that land Asshur went out and built Nineveh, the city of Rehoboth, and Calah,
Asshur is read as the subject here in both columns. H can also be construed as a departure to Assyria; no flight from tyranny is stated.
10:12 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:12 and Resen between Nineveh and Calah; that is the great city.
Greek · Saints priority
10:12 and Dasem between Nineveh and Calah; that is the great city.
H Resen differs from RH Greek Dasem. The demonstrative identifying the great city is left with its narrative ambiguity.
10:13 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:13 Mizraim begat the Ludim, the Anamim, the Lehabim, and the Naphtuhim,
Greek · Saints priority
10:13 Mizraim begat the Ludim, the Enemetiim, the Lehabim, and the Nephthaliim,
The forms Enemetiim and Nephthaliim are retained because they differ more substantially from H Anamim and Naphtuhim than routine spelling normalization.
10:14 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:14 the Pathrusim and the Casluhim, from whom the Philistines came, and the Caphtorim.
Greek · Saints priority
10:14 the Pathrusim and the Casluhim, from whom the Philistines came, and the Caphtorim.
The corresponding content agrees; ordinary name transliterations are normalized.
10:15 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:15 Canaan begat Sidon his firstborn and Heth,
Greek · Saints priority
10:15 Canaan begat Sidon his firstborn and the Hittite,
H names Heth; G uses the corresponding ethnic designation, the Hittite.
10:16 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:16 and the Jebusite, the Amorite, the Girgashite,
Greek · Saints priority
10:16 and the Jebusite, the Amorite, the Girgashite,
The corresponding content agrees; ordinary name transliterations are normalized.
10:17 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:17 the Hivite, the Arkite, the Sinite,
Greek · Saints priority
10:17 the Hivite, the Arkite, the Asennite,
G Asennite differs from H Sinite; the designation is retained without identifying an otherwise unattested separate tribe.
10:18 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:18 the Arvadite, the Zemarite, and the Hamathite. Afterward the families of the Canaanites were scattered.
Greek · Saints priority
10:18 the Arvadite, the Samarean, and the Hamathite. Afterward the tribes of the Canaanites were scattered.
G Samarean differs from H Zemarite; families/tribes also differs.
10:19 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:19 The territory of the Canaanites extended from Sidon toward Gerar as far as Gaza, toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim as far as Lasha.
Greek · Saints priority
10:19 The boundaries of the Canaanites extended from Sidon as far as Gerar and Gaza, as far as Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.
The named limits correspond; the boundary formula differs slightly.
10:20 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:20 These are the sons of Ham, by their families, their languages, their lands, and their nations.
Greek · Saints priority
10:20 These are the sons of Ham, by their tribes, their languages, their lands, and their nations.
Families and tribes express the grouping differently.
The Shemites
10:21 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:21 Children were also born to Shem, the father of all the sons of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder.
Greek · Saints priority
10:21 Children were also born to Shem, the father of all the sons of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder.
Both contain the elder comparison; H can also be understood as describing Shem as the elder brother of Japheth.
10:22 Disparate
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:22 The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram.
Greek · Saints priority
10:22 The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, Aram, and Cainan.
G adds Cainan at this genealogical level, changing the named descendants. This placement is distinct from the Arphaxad–Cainan–Shelah succession in verse 24.
10:23 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:23 The sons of Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash.
Greek · Saints priority
10:23 The sons of Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether, and Meshech.
H Mash and G Meshech differ. A specific scribal cause is not established here.
10:24 Disparate
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:24 Arphaxad begat Shelah, and Shelah begat Eber.
Greek · Saints priority
10:24 Arphaxad begat Cainan, and Cainan begat Shelah; Shelah begat Eber.
G includes an intervening generation absent from H. Compare 11:12–13; the difference changes the genealogy, not only its wording.
10:25 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:25 To Eber were born two sons: the name of the one was Peleg, because in his days the earth was divided; and his brother’s name was Joktan.
Greek · Saints priority
10:25 To Eber were born two sons: the name of the one was Peleg, because in his days the earth was divided; and his brother’s name was Joktan.
The corresponding content agrees; ordinary name transliterations are normalized.
10:26 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:26 Joktan begat Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, and Jerah,
Greek · Saints priority
10:26 Joktan begat Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, and Jerah,
The corresponding content agrees; ordinary name transliterations are normalized.
10:27 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:27 Hadoram, Uzal, and Diklah,
Greek · Saints priority
10:27 Hadoram, Aizel, and Diklah,
RH reads Aizel, rather than the draft's Aibel; this differs from H Uzal.
10:28 Divergent
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:28 Obal, Abimael, and Sheba,
Greek · Saints priority
10:28 Abimael and Sheba,
RH has no counterpart to H Obal in this verse. The draft's Eval is not retained in the declared RH base.
10:29 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:29 Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. All these were the sons of Joktan.
Greek · Saints priority
10:29 Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. All these were the sons of Joktan.
The corresponding content agrees; ordinary name transliterations are normalized.
10:30 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:30 Their dwelling extended from Mesha toward Sephar, the mountain of the east.
Greek · Saints priority
10:30 Their dwelling extended from Mesha as far as Sephar, a mountain of the east.
The geographical range corresponds; the movement formula differs slightly.
10:31 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:31 These are the sons of Shem, by their families, their languages, their lands, and their nations.
Greek · Saints priority
10:31 These are the sons of Shem, by their tribes, their languages, their lands, and their nations.
Families and tribes express the grouping differently.
10:32 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
10:32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, by their generations, in their nations. From these the nations were separated on the earth after the flood.
Greek · Saints priority
10:32 These are the tribes of the sons of Noah, by their generations, according to their nations. From these the islands of the nations were dispersed on the earth after the flood.
G adds islands to its description of the nations and uses dispersed; H speaks of the nations separating.
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Saints Translation · Companion comparison edition · working draft awaiting specialist review.