Exodus 22 — Hebrew and Greek compared
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Same 4 Similar 10 Different 9 Divergent 7 Disparate 1
Disparate in this chapter: 22:3
Each verse is rendered independently from the Hebrew (Rabbinic reading tradition) and from the Greek (Saints reading tradition). The badge classifies the relationship between the two readings; the note beneath records the source document’s comparison and attributed interpretation. Each column retains its own verse references where numbering differs.
Laws on Property and Restitution
22:1 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:1 (MT 21:37) If a man steals an ox or sheep and slaughters or sells it, he shall repay five oxen for the ox and four sheep for the sheep.
Greek · Saints priority
G 21:37 If anyone steals a calf or sheep and slaughters or sells it, he shall repay five calves for the calf and four sheep for the sheep.
Greek specifies calves. The restitution ratios agree. Hebrew reference: 21:37.
Earlier navigation: 22:1 → RH 21:37.
22:2 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:2 (MT 22:1) If a thief is caught breaking in and is struck dead, there is no bloodguilt for him.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:1 If a thief is caught breaking in and is struck dead, there is no murder in his case.
Both distinguish this killing from the case that follows.
Earlier navigation: 22:2 → RH 22:1.
22:3 Disparate
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:3 (MT 22:2) If the sun has risen upon him, there is bloodguilt for him. The thief must make restitution; if he has nothing, he shall be sold for his theft.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:2 If the sun has risen upon him, he is guilty and shall die in return. If he has nothing, he shall be sold for the theft.
RH 22:2 has death in return where the corresponding Hebrew proceeds to restitution. The stated legal outcome materially differs, although the Greek pronoun’s referent and the transition remain difficult; no definitive reconstruction is imposed.
Earlier navigation: 22:3 → RH 22:2.
22:4 Divergent
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:4 (MT 22:3) If the stolen animal is found alive in his possession, whether ox, donkey, or sheep, he shall repay double.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:3 If he is caught and the stolen animals are found alive in his possession, from donkey to sheep, he shall repay them double.
Greek adds apprehension and does not name the ox in this list.
Earlier navigation: 22:4 → RH 22:3.
22:5 Divergent
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:5 (MT 22:4) If a man lets a field or vineyard be grazed and allows his livestock to graze in another’s field, he shall make restitution from the best of his field and the best of his vineyard.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:4 If anyone lets a field or vineyard be grazed and allows his livestock to graze another field, he shall make restitution from his field according to its yield. But if it grazes the whole field, he shall repay from the best of his field and the best of his vineyard.
Greek gives a longer provision distinguishing the whole-field case. This is a difference in the compared conditions, not proof of an older Vorlage. [H22; G22]
Earlier navigation: 22:5 → RH 22:4.
22:6 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:6 (MT 22:5) If fire breaks out and catches thorns, so that stacked grain, standing grain, or a field is consumed, the one who started the fire shall surely make restitution.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:5 If fire breaks out and catches thorns, and burns a threshing floor, standing grain, or a plain, the one who started the fire shall make restitution.
Stacked grain and a field in Hebrew correspond to a threshing floor and a plain in RH 22:5. The Greek threshing floor is singular.
Earlier navigation: 22:6 → RH 22:5.
22:7 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:7 (MT 22:6) If a man gives his neighbor silver or goods to keep and they are stolen from the man’s house, the thief, if found, shall repay double.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:6 If a man gives his neighbor silver or goods to keep and they are stolen from the man’s house, the thief, if found, shall repay double.
Earlier navigation: 22:7 → RH 22:6.
22:8 Divergent
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:8 (MT 22:7) If the thief is not found, the householder shall come before God to determine whether he has laid hands on his neighbor’s belongings.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:7 If the thief is not found, the householder shall come before God and swear that he has not acted dishonestly concerning any of his neighbor’s deposit.
Greek explicitly requires an oath; Hebrew uses the “laid hands” idiom. [G22]
Earlier navigation: 22:8 → RH 22:7.
22:9 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:9 (MT 22:8) In every case of wrongdoing concerning an ox, donkey, sheep, garment, or any lost thing claimed as one’s own, the case of both parties shall come before God. Whoever God condemns shall repay his neighbor double.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:8 In every alleged wrong concerning a calf, beast of burden, sheep, garment, or any disputed loss, whatever it may be, the case of both parties shall come before God. Whoever is convicted through God shall repay his neighbor double.
Both refer the dispute to divine judgment; judicial interpretations of elohim should remain distinguishable from the wording. Greek uses different animal terms.
Earlier navigation: 22:9 → RH 22:8.
22:10 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:10 (MT 22:9) If a man gives his neighbor a donkey, ox, sheep, or any livestock to keep, and it dies, is injured, or is driven away without anyone seeing it,
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:9 If anyone gives his neighbor a beast of burden, calf, sheep, or any livestock to keep, and it is injured, dies, or is taken captive without anyone knowing,
Hebrew says no one saw; Greek says no one knew and changes the order of the hazards.
Earlier navigation: 22:10 → RH 22:9.
22:11 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:11 (MT 22:10) an oath by YHWH shall be between them that he has not laid hands on his neighbor’s belongings. The owner shall accept it, and he shall not make restitution.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:10 an oath by God shall be between them that he has not acted dishonestly concerning any of his neighbor’s deposit. The owner shall accept it, and he shall not make restitution.
The oath and result agree. Greek says “God” and expresses the prohibited conduct directly.
Earlier navigation: 22:11 → RH 22:10.
22:12 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:12 (MT 22:11) But if it was stolen from him, he shall make restitution to its owner.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:11 But if it was stolen from him, he shall make restitution to its owner.
Earlier navigation: 22:12 → RH 22:11.
22:13 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:13 (MT 22:12) If it was torn by a wild animal, he shall bring it as evidence. He shall not make restitution for what was torn.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:12 If it was taken by a wild animal, he shall bring the owner to the prey, and he shall not make restitution.
Hebrew brings evidence; Greek brings the owner to the prey. [H22; G22]
Earlier navigation: 22:13 → RH 22:12.
22:14 Divergent
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:14 (MT 22:13) If a man borrows an animal from his neighbor and it is injured or dies while its owner is absent, he shall surely make restitution.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:13 If anyone borrows from his neighbor and it is injured, dies, or is taken captive while its owner is absent, he shall make restitution.
Greek includes capture among the borrower’s risks.
Earlier navigation: 22:14 → RH 22:13.
22:15 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:15 (MT 22:14) If its owner is with it, he shall not make restitution. If it was hired, it came for its hire.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:14 If its owner is with it, he shall not make restitution. If it was hired, it shall be reckoned against its hire.
The final rental clause is compressed in both sources; the translation does not settle every question of liability.
Earlier navigation: 22:15 → RH 22:14.
Social, Moral, and Ritual Obligations
22:16 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:16 (MT 22:15) If a man seduces a virgin who is not betrothed and lies with her, he shall surely pay the bride-price for her to become his wife.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:15 If anyone deceives a virgin who is not betrothed and lies with her, he shall surely provide the marriage payment for her to become his wife.
The marriage payment is retained without equating it with a modern monetary amount.
Earlier navigation: 22:16 → RH 22:15.
22:17 Divergent
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:17 (MT 22:16) If her father firmly refuses to give her to him, he shall weigh out silver equal to the bride-price for virgins.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:16 If her father firmly refuses and is unwilling to give her to him as a wife, he shall pay her father silver equal to the marriage payment for virgins.
Greek explicitly identifies the father as recipient and expands the refusal.
Earlier navigation: 22:17 → RH 22:16.
22:18 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:18 (MT 22:17) You shall not allow a sorceress to live.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:17 You shall not preserve sorcerers alive.
Hebrew has a feminine singular; Greek a masculine plural.
Earlier navigation: 22:18 → RH 22:17.
22:19 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:19 (MT 22:18) Whoever lies with an animal shall surely be put to death.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:18 You shall surely put to death everyone who lies with an animal.
Greek addresses the people as those who carry out the penalty.
Earlier navigation: 22:19 → RH 22:18.
22:20 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:20 (MT 22:19) Whoever sacrifices to gods, except to YHWH alone, shall be devoted to destruction.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:19 Whoever sacrifices to gods, except to the Lord alone, shall be destroyed by death.
Hebrew uses the ban; Greek states destruction by death. The consulted Greek has no adjective “other” here. [G22]
Earlier navigation: 22:20 → RH 22:19.
22:21 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:21 (MT 22:20) You shall not mistreat or oppress a resident alien, for you were resident aliens in the land of Egypt.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:20 You shall not mistreat or afflict a resident alien, for you were resident aliens in the land of Egypt.
Greek proselytos here refers to the outsider’s resident status; it does not require a formal conversion ceremony. [H22; G22]
Earlier navigation: 22:21 → RH 22:20.
22:22 Same
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:22 (MT 22:21) You shall not afflict any widow or orphan.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:21 You shall not mistreat any widow or orphan.
Earlier navigation: 22:22 → RH 22:21.
22:23 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:23 (MT 22:22) If you do afflict him and he cries out to Me, I will surely hear his cry.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:22 If you do mistreat them and they cry out to Me, I will surely hear their voice.
Hebrew uses singular representative language; Greek uses plural pronouns.
Earlier navigation: 22:23 → RH 22:22.
22:24 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:24 (MT 22:23) My anger will burn, and I will kill you with the sword. Your wives will become widows and your children orphans.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:23 I will be angry with wrath and kill you with the sword. Your wives will become widows and your children orphans.
Both pronounce the same consequence.
Earlier navigation: 22:24 → RH 22:23.
22:25 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:25 (MT 22:24) If you lend silver to My people, to the poor person among you, you shall not act as a demanding creditor toward him or impose interest on him.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:24 If you lend silver to the poor brother beside you, you shall not press him hard or impose interest on him.
Hebrew says “My people”; Greek names the “poor brother.”
Earlier navigation: 22:25 → RH 22:24.
22:26 Similar
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:26 (MT 22:25) If you take your neighbor’s cloak as a pledge, you shall return it to him by sunset,
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:25 If you take your neighbor’s cloak as a pledge, you shall return it to him before sunset,
The return deadline is expressed slightly differently.
Earlier navigation: 22:26 → RH 22:25.
22:27 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:27 (MT 22:26) for it is his only covering, his garment for his skin. In what else shall he sleep? When he cries out to Me, I will hear, for I am gracious.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:26 for this is his covering, his only garment for his nakedness. In what shall he sleep? If he cries out to Me, I will hear him, for I am merciful.
Hebrew speaks of skin and grace; Greek of nakedness and mercy.
Earlier navigation: 22:27 → RH 22:26.
22:28 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:28 (MT 22:27) You shall not revile God or curse a ruler among your people.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:27 You shall not revile gods or speak evil of rulers among your people.
Greek uses plural “gods” and “rulers.” Hebrew elohim also has a judicial interpretation. Acts 23:5 quotes the ruler prohibition in singular form; it is not a verbatim quotation of this whole Greek verse. [H22; G22]
Saints reception: Paul quotes the prohibition against speaking evil of a ruler in Acts 23:5. This is reception of the ruler clause, not a resolution of the preceding elohim/theoi wording. [S-Acts23]
Earlier navigation: 22:28 → RH 22:27.
22:29 Different
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:29 (MT 22:28) You shall not delay the offering from your fullness and your flowing produce. You shall give Me the firstborn of your sons.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:28 You shall not delay the firstfruits of your threshing floor and winepress. You shall give Me the firstborn of your sons.
Hebrew uses compressed produce imagery; Greek names the threshing floor and winepress.
Earlier navigation: 22:29 → RH 22:28.
22:30 Divergent
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:30 (MT 22:29) You shall do the same with your ox and sheep. It shall remain with its mother seven days; on the eighth day you shall give it to Me.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:29 You shall do the same with your calf, sheep, and beast of burden. It shall remain under its mother seven days; on the eighth day you shall give it to Me.
Greek adds the beast of burden and specifies a calf.
Earlier navigation: 22:30 → RH 22:29.
22:31 Divergent
Hebrew · Rabbinic priority
22:31 (MT 22:30) You shall be holy people to Me. You shall not eat flesh torn by animals in the field; you shall throw it to the dogs.
Greek · Saints priority
G 22:30 You shall be holy people to Me. You shall not eat flesh taken by wild animals; throw it to the dog.
Greek lacks “in the field”; both prohibit eating the torn flesh.
Earlier navigation: 22:31 → RH 22:30.
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Saints Translation · Companion comparison edition · working draft awaiting specialist review.