Exodus 20 — Hebrew and Greek compared
Each card keeps the independently rendered source readings above their shared comparison and reception notes. The badge records the source’s governing classification; disparate readings are marked in red. Each reading retains its original reference.
Chapter 20
The Ten Commandments
Verse H 20:1 Different
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
1 (H 20:1) God spoke all these words, saying,
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:1 The Lord spoke all these words, saying,
Verse H 20:2a Same
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
2 (H 20:2a) “I am YHWH your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:2 “I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery.
Classification & Notes
Same — The corresponding meaning and content agree.
Verse H 20:2b Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
3 (H 20:2b) “You shall have no other gods before Me.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:3 “You shall have no other gods except Me.
Verse H 20:3 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
4 (H 20:3) “You shall not make for yourself a carved image or any likeness of what is in heaven above, on the earth beneath, or in the waters under the earth.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:4 “You shall not make for yourself an idol or any likeness of what is in heaven above, on the earth beneath, or in the waters under the earth.
Verse H 20:4 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
5 (H 20:4) “You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I, YHWH your God, am a jealous God, visiting the fathers’ iniquity upon children to the third and fourth generation of those who hate Me,
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:5 “You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I am the Lord your God, a jealous God, repaying the fathers’ sins upon children to the third and fourth generation of those who hate Me,
Verse H 20:5 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
6 (H 20:5) “but showing steadfast love to thousands, to those who love Me and keep My commandments.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:6 “and showing mercy to thousands, to those who love Me and keep My ordinances.
Verse H 20:6 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
7 (H 20:6) “You shall not take the name of YHWH your God in vain, for YHWH will not hold guiltless anyone who takes His name in vain.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:7 “You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain, for the Lord will not clear anyone who takes His name in vain.
Classification & Notes
Similar — Both repeat the divine title without your God in the final clause. Clear renders Greek cleansing language in this accountability setting; it does not establish a separate doctrine of ritual impurity.
Verse H 20:7 Same
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
8 (H 20:7) “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:8 “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
Classification & Notes
Same — Greek’s plural Sabbath form is an ordinary way to designate the Sabbath here [G20].
Verse H 20:8 Same
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
9 (H 20:8) “You shall labor for six days and do all your work,
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:9 “You shall labor for six days and do all your work,
Classification & Notes
Same — The corresponding meaning and content agree.
Verse H 20:9 Divergent
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
10 (H 20:9) “but the seventh day is a Sabbath to YHWH your God. You shall do no work on it—you, your son, your daughter, your male slave, your female slave, your livestock, or the sojourner within your gates.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:10 “but on the seventh day there is a Sabbath to the Lord your God. You shall do no work on it—you, your son, your daughter, your male slave, your female slave, your ox, your beast of burden, any of your livestock, or the sojourner living among you.
Classification & Notes
Divergent — Greek explicitly lists the ox and beast of burden and says living among you [G20]. These animals fit Hebrew’s broader livestock category. The household’s slaves are included in the rest.
Verse H 20:10 Different
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
11 (H 20:10) “For in six days YHWH made heaven and earth, the sea, and everything in them, and rested on the seventh day. Therefore YHWH blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:11 “For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth and the sea and everything in them, and rested on the seventh day. Therefore the Lord blessed the seventh day and made it holy.
Classification & Notes
Different — RH includes the sea in the creation list, corresponding to Hebrew, but concludes with seventh day rather than Sabbath day.
Verse H 20:11 Divergent
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
12 (H 20:11) “Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long on the land YHWH your God is giving you.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:12 “Honor your father and your mother, so that it may go well with you and you may live long on the good land the Lord your God is giving you.
Classification & Notes
Divergent — Greek adds the well-being clause and good before land [G20]. The additions do not negate Hebrew’s promise.
Saints: Ephesians 6:2–3 quotes the parental command and a promise of well-being and longevity. The quotation adapts its setting and wording; it does not reproduce every phrase of the Greek Exodus here [S14].
Verse H 20:12a Divergent
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
13 (H 20:12a) “You shall not murder.
14 (H 20:12b) “You shall not commit adultery.
15 (H 20:12c) “You shall not steal.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:13–15 “You shall not commit adultery.
14 “You shall not steal.
15 “You shall not murder.
Classification & Notes
Divergent — Verses 13–15 contain the same three prohibitions in different order: Hebrew murder, adultery, theft; Greek adultery, theft, murder [H20; G20]. They are displayed as one comparison block to preserve each sequence without implying contradictory commands. Murder renders the prohibition’s homicide verb; it is not a generic ban on every action causing death.
Earlier navigation: 20:13 → RH 20:13–15.
Verse H 20:12d Same
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
16 (H 20:12d) “You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:16 “You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
Verse H 20:13 Divergent
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
17 (H 20:13) “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, his male slave, his female slave, his ox, his donkey, or anything belonging to your neighbor.”
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:17 “You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife. You shall not covet your neighbor’s house, his field, his male slave, his female slave, his ox, his beast of burden, any of his livestock, or anything belonging to your neighbor.”
Classification & Notes
Divergent — Greek places wife before house and explicitly includes field and all livestock [G20]. The sequence and scope additions are preserved without assigning a hierarchy of persons and property from word order alone.
Fear and Reassurance
Verse H 20:14 Different
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
18 (H 20:14) All the people saw the thunder, the flashes, the horn’s sound, and the smoking mountain. When the people saw it, they trembled and stood far away.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:18 All the people saw the sound, the flashes, the trumpet’s sound, and the smoking mountain. All the people were afraid and stood far away.
Verse H 20:15 Divergent
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
19 (H 20:15) They said to Moses, “You speak with us, and we will listen. But do not let God speak with us, lest we die.”
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:19 They said to Moses, “You speak to us. Do not let God speak to us, lest we die.”
Classification & Notes
Divergent — The consulted Greek lacks and we will listen [G20]. The request for Moses to mediate remains.
Verse H 20:16 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
20 (H 20:16) Moses said to the people, “Do not fear. God has come to test you and to put the fear of Him before you, so that you may not sin.”
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:20 Moses said to them, “Take courage. God has come to you to test you, so that the fear of Him may be in you and you may not sin.”
Verse H 20:17 Different
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
21 (H 20:17) The people stood far away, while Moses drew near the thick darkness where God was.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:21 The people stood far away, while Moses entered the thick darkness where God was.
The Law of the Altar
Verse H 20:18 Divergent
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
22 (H 20:18) YHWH said to Moses, “Thus you shall say to the sons of Israel: You yourselves have seen that I spoke with you from heaven.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:22 The Lord said to Moses, “Thus you shall say to the house of Jacob and announce to the sons of Israel: You yourselves have seen that I have spoken to you from heaven.
Classification & Notes
Divergent — Greek repeats the house of Jacob/sons of Israel formula also used in 19:3 [G20]. This is an added address, not an opposing revelation.
Verse H 20:19 Different
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
23 (H 20:19) “You shall not make gods of silver alongside Me, nor shall you make gods of gold for yourselves.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:23 “You shall not make gods of silver for yourselves, nor shall you make gods of gold for yourselves.
Verse H 20:20 Different
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
24 (H 20:20) “You shall make an altar of earth for Me and sacrifice on it your burnt offerings and peace offerings, your sheep and cattle. In every place where I cause My name to be remembered, I will come to you and bless you.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:24 “You shall make an altar of earth for Me and sacrifice on it your burnt offerings and offerings of well-being, your sheep and calves, in every place where I name My name. I will come to you and bless you.
Verse H 20:21 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
25 (H 20:21) “If you make an altar of stones for Me, you shall not build it with hewn stones, for by wielding your blade over it you profane it.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:25 “If you make an altar of stones for Me, you shall not build it with cut stones, for you have laid your blade upon them, and they are defiled.
Verse H 20:22 Same
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
26 (H 20:22) “You shall not go up by steps to My altar, lest your nakedness be exposed on it.”
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
20:26 “You shall not go up by steps to My altar, lest you expose your nakedness on it.”
Editorial record
Material decisions in V2
The current handoff governs the three-column layout. Hebrew and Greek translations remain independent. Category words accompany all five colors. Heading 4 is defined in bold for supplied minor liturgical headings; none are invented here.
All twenty chapters were reviewed editorially. The manuscript now contains all 545 verses in 543 rows. The omitted 10:24 is restored, the repeated 6:13 is printed once, and the genealogy heading at that duplicate is placed before 6:14. All 63 established pericopes are retained. Obvious spelling and capitalization errors in titles are corrected.
English syntax, speech punctuation, pronoun references, number words, and terminology are revised. Hebrew YHWH and Greek Lord follow the established divine-name convention. Significant differences in numbers, kinship, names, speakers, wind directions, commandments, and divine titles are preserved. Ancient slavery and other social realities are not recast as modern employment.
Unsupported claims about uniform rabbinic or patristic teaching, manuscript consensus, and scribal motives have been removed. The classification concerns the selected printed claims. Added material is not automatically a contradiction or proof of interpolation; a shorter reading is not silently completed from the other column.
Twenty-eight verse notes include attributed reception from Rashi, Mishnah Rosh Hashanah, New Testament passages, Augustine, and Justin Martyr. These selections preserve identifiable disagreements and distinguish homiletic and typological use from translation. They are selective rather than a comprehensive history of Jewish and Christian interpretation.
Comparison resources and departure policy
The selected Greek base is Septuaginta, Alfred Rahlfs, revised by Robert Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), reviewed in Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft’s publisher presentation. This source review supersedes the provisional Swete-labeled webpage. The complete Greek main text and displayed verse labels were checked; no critical apparatus or manuscript collation was available.
The Hebrew column remains an independent rendering of the supplied manuscript. Relevant comparison passages were checked in the publisher’s Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia presentation. Mechon Mamre, the additional CCAT-derived Greek transcription and Brenton remain identified supplementary or historical resources; none substitutes for the selected RH main text.
G1–G20 now link to the reviewed RH publisher chapters. The former departures at 4:26 and 12:40–42 agree with RH and are no longer departures from the selected text. Authentic Greek omissions and reordered clauses remain explicit; no shorter reading is filled from Hebrew.
Material source decisions and review targets
Passage | V2 decision | Remaining source question |
|---|---|---|
4:26 | RH has the Greek clause at 4:26. The source gap belonged to the provisional webpage, not the selected text. [G4] | Resolved against RH main text and displayed verse division; apparatus evidence was not collated. |
6:18, 20, 22 | RH retains Kohath’s one hundred thirty years, Amram’s one hundred thirty-two years, cousin kinship and Miriam, and the shorter 6:22 list. RH Issaar at 6:18 is rendered Izhar, not Issachar. [G6] | Source-specific ages, kinship and list differences remain; the erroneous provisional name is corrected. |
12:40–42 | RH has four hundred thirty years in Egypt and Canaan, with the night notice in verse 42. The provisional webpage’s four hundred thirty-five is superseded. [G12] | The retained four hundred thirty agrees with the selected RH main text and is no longer a departure. |
4:5, 28; 12:28; 13:10 | RH includes Lord at 4:5, signs at 4:28, Aaron at 12:28 and the appointed-season phrase at 13:10. The shorter provisional readings are corrected. [G4; G12; G13] | Do not generalize these local online differences to every Septuagint witness. |
16:21, 23, 29, 34 | RH includes the complete morning-gathering sentence, names Moses and uses a statement at 16:23, names the Sabbath at 16:29 and has the Testimony at 16:34. [G16] | These wording and punctuation points are resolved against RH main text; the prior webpage is superseded. |
18:13; 19:3, 22 | RH retains the unusual after-the-next-day expression at 18:13 and the distinct verb at 19:22, but calls from the mountain at 19:3. The provisional heaven is corrected. [G18; G19] | Review the temporal phrase and the force of the verb at 19:22; distinguish the destruction verb at 19:24. |
20:11, 13–15, 19 | RH includes the sea at 20:11, preserves the Greek adultery/theft/murder order at 20:13–15, and lacks and we will listen at 20:19. The three prohibitions remain one comparison block. [G20] | RH wording, command order and actual verse labels are retained without importing Hebrew clauses. |
Other substantive corrections
Moses and the plagues
The seventy/seventy-five total at 1:5 is retained without inventing reconciliation. At 3:14 the Hebrew and Greek self-identifications remain distinct without opposing supposedly dynamic and static deities. The signs, serpent terminology, circumcision account, and hardening statements receive contextual notes; the agent of hardening is not made uniform across verses.
Passover and departure
Timing expressions, sheltering language, firstborn rules, and the Egypt/Canaan sojourn are kept source-specific. At 13:13 breaking a donkey’s neck and redeeming it remain distinct commands. East/south wind readings at 10:13 and 14:21 remain visible. No modern reconstruction is inserted into the sea account.
Song and wilderness provision
Exodus 15 preserves parallelism and meaningful imagery, including Yah, warrior/breaker-of-wars wording, and the sanctuary. Difficult Hebrew phrases are marked as provisional. Exodus 16 corrects the coriander comparison and distinguishes baking from boiling; Greek’s golden manna container remains distinct from Hebrew’s unspecified jar.
Sinai and the commandments
Joshua is identified as Joshua son of Nun despite the Greek name shared with Jesus. Jethro’s counsel and the Sinai sequence retain their respective agents and wording. The royal-priesthood phrase is linked to First Peter as reception. The commandment order, household lists, promises, and coveting sequence are not harmonized. Stray nonbiblical material in V1 at 20:21 is removed.
Review scope and remaining questions
The complete Greek main text has now been reviewed against the declared RH edition. Source labels, wording and affected comparison notes are corrected. A complete new independent Hebrew translation, apparatus collation and specialist publication review remain separate tasks.
Revisit difficult grammar and terms, including 3:14; 4:24–26; 8:23; 13:8, 13; 15:2, 13, 16–17; 16:13–16, 23, 31; 17:16; and 19:13, 22. Settle uncertain species, kinship, temporal expressions, and divine titles from the chosen text and relevant apparatus.
The consolidated Bible Translation Reference Document dated Sep 10, 2026 governs divine names, capitalization, contextual terminology and the five categories. All inherited reception citations have been checked at their cited passages. Final trim, typesetting and specialist publication review remain separate.
Contextual term list
Term or setting | Working rendering | Context and limitation |
|---|---|---|
Divine names | YHWH / Lord; Yah where Hebrew is short | God, God Almighty, and related titles follow the respective text. The final reference’s divine-name convention is applied. |
Family and descent | sons of Israel; begat in its formula; bore | Familiar names stay consistent unless the selected reading differs. Expanded names and kinship at 6:18–22 remain visible. |
Service and enslavement | slave; servant; attendant according to context | Israel’s forced labor and household slaves remain explicit. Religious service to God does not by itself determine a person’s legal status. |
Skin conditions | leprosy; leprous where supported | The retained ancient category must not automatically be equated with a modern clinical diagnosis, as in 4:6. |
Plague animals | gnats; swarms / dog-flies | The Greek specification is not supplied silently to Hebrew. Exact species and some ancient terms remain uncertain. |
Livestock and possessions | livestock; flock; belongings by context | Specific cattle, sheep, goats, and beasts of burden remain distinct. A general collective need not have the same scope as a named species. |
Hardening | hard, heavy, strengthen; unwilling where stated | Render each verb and agent in its sentence. Different expressions are not flattened into one theological formula. |
Passover timing and action | between the evenings / toward evening; pass over / shelter | The contextual relationship is explained without making the paired terms identical or resolving the timing debate by paraphrase. |
Food and measures | manna; quail provisionally; omer and ephah | Keep stated proportions, including the tenth at 16:36. Do not invent a universally exact modern volume. |
Sacrifice and release | peace offerings / offerings of well-being; redeem | Greek sōtēria is rendered in its sacrificial setting at 20:24. Redemption language at 13:13 does not state a price in that Greek clause. |
Assembly and holy service | assembly; serve or worship by context | The Israelite gathering is not renamed Church merely because later Christian writers apply its language to their communities. |
Joshua / Greek Iēsous | Joshua in the Exodus narrative | Christian typology based on the shared name is attributed in a note; it does not change the historical referent. |
Source index
Source links identify the RH and BHS publisher passages reviewed on Sep 11, 2026 and the named reception texts. Source codes do not claim apparatus or manuscript collation. Reception notes paraphrase the specified passages; accessible New Testament links are supplemented in this review by checks of the supplied SBLGNT clauses.
Supplied project documents
Bible Translation Reference Document, final reference consolidation dated Sep 10, 2026: governing framework. The 6 September handoff remains an earlier project record.
Bible Translation Reference Document (2).pdf and Deuteronomy 18–34 [V1].pdf: earlier framework, terminology, and structural context; superseded five-column instructions are not reinstated.
Saints Translation: Genesis 1–23 [V2].pdf and Genesis 24–50 [V1].pdf, with the subsequent editorial revisions: continuity in method and presentation.
Saints Translation: Exodus 1–20 [V1] (1).pdf: supplied manuscript revised here. Its inherited wording is the starting material unless corrected or flagged in this revision.
Hebrew comparison passages
H1 Exodus 1: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H3 Exodus 3: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H4 Exodus 4: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H6 Exodus 6: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H7 Exodus 7: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H8 Exodus 8: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H9 Exodus 9: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H10 Exodus 10: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H12 Exodus 12: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H13 Exodus 13: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H14 Exodus 14: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H15 Exodus 15: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H16 Exodus 16: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H17 Exodus 17: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H18 Exodus 18: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H19 Exodus 19: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
H20 Exodus 20: Masoretic Hebrew with JPS 1917 parallel (Mechon Mamre).
Greek comparison passages
G1 Exodus 1: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G2 Exodus 2: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G3 Exodus 3: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G4 Exodus 4: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G4b Exodus 4: additional LXX transcription, acknowledging UPenn CCAT (Blue Letter Bible).
G5 Exodus 5: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G6 Exodus 6: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G7 Exodus 7: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G8 Exodus 8: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G9 Exodus 9: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G10 Exodus 10: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G11 Exodus 11: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G12 Exodus 12: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G12b Exodus 12: additional LXX transcription, acknowledging UPenn CCAT (Blue Letter Bible).
G13 Exodus 13: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G13b Exodus 13: additional LXX transcription, acknowledging UPenn CCAT (Blue Letter Bible).
G14 Exodus 14: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G15 Exodus 15: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G16 Exodus 16: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G16b Exodus 16: additional LXX transcription, acknowledging UPenn CCAT (Blue Letter Bible).
G17 Exodus 17: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G18 Exodus 18: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G19 Exodus 19: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
G20 Exodus 20: Rahlfs–Hanhart, second revised edition (2006), publisher main text.
Additional translation comparison
B2 Exodus 2: Brenton’s English Septuagint translation and notes (eBible).
B4 Exodus 4: Brenton’s English Septuagint translation and notes (eBible).
B6 Exodus 6: Brenton’s English Septuagint translation and notes (eBible).
Rabbinic interpretation
R1 Rashi on Exodus 1:1, 8, 21; Judaica Press translation (Chabad).
R3 Rashi on Exodus 3:2, 14; Judaica Press translation (Chabad).
R6 Rashi on Exodus 6:3; Judaica Press translation (Chabad).
R12 Rashi on Exodus 12:2, 13; Judaica Press translation (Chabad).
R14 Rashi on Exodus 14:15; Judaica Press translation (Chabad).
R15 Rashi on Exodus 15:1–3; Judaica Press translation (Chabad).
R17 Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:8: Moses’ hands (Mishnah.org).
R19 Rashi on Exodus 19:2; Judaica Press translation (Chabad).
Saints and New Testament reception
S1 Acts 7:14: Stephen’s narrative total. World English Bible, eBible.
S2 Hebrews 11:23: concealment of Moses. World English Bible, eBible.
S3 Matthew 22:31–32: resurrection argument. World English Bible, eBible.
S4 Augustine, On the Trinity V.2.3: God’s unchangeable being (New Advent).
S5 Romans 9:17–18: Pharaoh quotation and hardening. World English Bible, eBible.
S6 First Corinthians 5:7–8: Passover application. World English Bible, eBible.
S7 John 19:36: unbroken bones. World English Bible, eBible.
S8 First Corinthians 10:1–4: cloud, sea, and rock. World English Bible, eBible.
S9 John 6:31–35: manna and the bread of life. World English Bible, eBible.
S10 Second Corinthians 8:13–15: sharing and manna quotation. World English Bible, eBible.
S11 Hebrews 9:4: golden manna container. World English Bible, eBible.
S12 Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho 90: Moses’ hands and the cross (New Advent).
S13 First Peter 2:9: royal priesthood and holy nation. World English Bible, eBible.
S14 Ephesians 6:2–3: parental command and promise. World English Bible, eBible.