Daniel 11 — Kings of north and south; the profaned covenant — Hebrew, Aramaic and Old Greek compared
Disparate in this chapter: 11:6, 11:7, 11:14, 11:26
Each card keeps the independently rendered source readings above their shared comparison and reception notes. The badge records the source’s governing classification; disparate readings are marked in red. Each reading retains its original reference.
Daniel 11 — Kings of north and south; the profaned covenant
Source texts for Daniel 11: Hebrew / Aramaic
Source texts for Daniel 11: Old Greek
Verse 11:1 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:1] As for me, in the first year of Darius the Mede, I stood to strengthen and defend him.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:1] In the first year of King Cyrus, he told me to be strong and take courage.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew names Darius and has the speaker strengthen him; Greek names Cyrus and has someone tell the speaker to be strong. The changed participants are retained without harmonizing the kings.
Verse 11:2 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:2] Now I will declare the truth to you. Three more kings will arise for Persia, and a fourth will gain far greater riches than all of them. When he grows strong through his riches, he will stir up everything against the kingdom of Greece.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:2] Now I have come to show you the truth. Three kings have stood in opposition in Persia, and the fourth will become richer than all the others. When he grows strong through his wealth, he will rise against every king of the Greeks.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew predicts three more kings and stirring up all against Greece’s kingdom. Greek describes three already standing in opposition and the fourth rising against every Greek king.
Verse 11:3 Same
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:3] A mighty king will arise, rule with great dominion, and do as he pleases.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:3] A powerful king will arise, exercise great lordship, and do whatever he wishes.
Classification & Notes
Same. Text: Both describe the arising ruler’s great power and freedom of action.
Verse 11:4 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:4] When he has arisen, his kingdom will be broken and divided toward the four winds of heaven, but not to his descendants or according to the dominion with which he ruled. His kingdom will be uprooted and given to others besides these.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:4] When he arises, his kingdom will be shattered and divided toward the four winds of heaven, not according to his might or the lordship with which he ruled. His kingdom will be removed, and he will teach others these things.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew denies succession to his descendants and gives the kingdom to others. Greek instead denies correspondence to his might and ends with the difficult he-will-teach-others clause; descendants and the transfer clause are not inserted.
Verse 11:5 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:5] The king of the south will grow strong, but one of his princes will become stronger than he and rule; his dominion will be a great dominion.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:5] He will strengthen Egypt’s kingdom, and one of the rulers will overpower him and rule; his rule will be a great rule.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew makes the southern king grow strong; Greek has an unexpressed subject strengthen Egypt’s kingdom. Both describe a ruler who surpasses the first, but Greek explicitly names Egypt.
Verse 11:6 Disparate
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:6] After some years they will join together. The daughter of the king of the south will come to the king of the north to make an equitable agreement. But she will not retain the strength of her arm, and neither he nor his arm will stand. She will be handed over, along with those who brought her, the one who begot her, and the one who supported her in those times.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:6] At the completion of years he will lead them, and the king of Egypt will enter the northern kingdom to make treaties. He will not prevail, for his arm will not establish strength; his arm and that of those traveling with him will grow numb, and he will remain until the appointed hours.
Classification & Notes
Disparate. Text: Hebrew centers the agreement and its collapse on the southern king’s daughter and those accompanying or supporting her. Greek has the king himself enter the northern kingdom and gives numb arms and waiting, without the daughter or her surrender.
Verse 11:7 Disparate
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:7] A shoot from her roots will arise in his place, come against the army, enter the northern king’s stronghold, act against them, and prevail.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:7] A plant from his root will arise on its own, and the king of the north will come against his force with his strength, cause turmoil, and prevail.
Classification & Notes
Disparate. Text: Hebrew has a successor from her roots attack the northern king’s fortress. Greek has his root and expressly makes the king of the north the approaching combatant. The pronouns are not resolved into named historical persons.
Verse 11:8 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:8] He will also carry their gods, their cast images, and their precious vessels of silver and gold captive to Egypt. For years he will stand apart from the king of the north.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:8] He will overthrow their gods together with their cast images, and they will carry their crowds, with their precious vessels, silver, and gold, captive to Egypt. There will be a year for the king of the north.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew carries away gods and treasures and specifies years apart from the northern king. Greek overthrows the gods, explicitly carries crowds captive, and has the unusual singular year-for-the-king clause.
Verse 11:9 Similar
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:9] He will enter the kingdom of the king of the south, then return to his own land.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:9] He will enter Egypt’s kingdom for days and return to his land,
Classification & Notes
Similar. Text: Both describe entry into the southern kingdom and return. Greek names Egypt and adds days, with the following verse continuing the subject phrase.
Verse 11:10 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:10] His sons will wage war and gather a multitude of great forces. He will come on, flood through, and pass over; he will return and wage war as far as his stronghold.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:10] and his son. He will be provoked, gather an assembly of a great crowd, and enter against it, sweeping through. He will pass over, return, and be greatly provoked.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew begins with plural sons and ends at a stronghold. Greek has singular his son attached to the preceding return clause, then repeated provocation without the stronghold limit.
Verse 11:11 Divergent
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:11] The king of the south will become enraged, go out, and fight with him, the king of the north. The latter will raise a great multitude, but the multitude will be given into his opponent’s hand.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:11] The king of Egypt will become angry and fight the king of the north, and the assembled force will be handed into his hands.
Classification & Notes
Divergent. Text: Greek condenses the battle introduction and omits the northern king’s separate raising of a great multitude. Hebrew’s changing he and his referents are provisionally clarified from the opposed kings’ sequence.
Verse 11:12 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:12] When the multitude is carried away, his heart will be lifted up. He will fell tens of thousands, yet will not remain strong.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:12] He will take the assembled force, and his heart will be exalted. He will throw many into turmoil and will not be afraid.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew fells tens of thousands but denies lasting strength. Greek troubles many and denies fear, with no corresponding casualty quantity or denial of strength.
Verse 11:13 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:13] The king of the north will return and raise a multitude greater than the first. After the appointed span of years he will surely come with a great army and abundant resources.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:13] The king of the north will return and gather a city’s force larger than the first at the completion of a year’s appointed time. He will enter it against him with a great crowd and much money.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew gives a span of years; Greek a year’s appointed time and a city’s gathered force. Greek’s it and him remain unexpanded, and its money is not reduced to a generic army description.
Verse 11:14 Disparate
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:14] In those times many will rise against the king of the south. Violent men of your people will lift themselves up to establish the vision, but they will stumble.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:14] In those times designs will rise against the king of Egypt. He will rebuild the fallen things of your nation and arise to establish the prophecy, but they will stumble.
Classification & Notes
Disparate. Text: Hebrew describes violent members of Daniel’s people rising to fulfill a vision. Greek describes designs against Egypt and a singular agent rebuilding fallen national things before the prophecy’s establishment; the altered action and agency remain visible.
Verse 11:15 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:15] The king of the north will come, heap up a siege mound, and capture a fortified city. The forces of the south will not stand, nor its chosen troops; there will be no strength to stand.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:15] The king of the north will come, turn his spears, and take the fortified city. The arms of Egypt’s king will stand with his rulers, but he will have no strength to resist him.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew heaps a siege mound and says the southern forces will not stand. Greek turns spears and says Egypt’s arms will stand with its rulers, although the final inability to resist remains. The opposite stand clauses are not harmonized.
Verse 11:16 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:16] The one coming against him will do as he pleases, and none will stand before him. He will stand in the Beautiful Land, with destruction in his hand.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:16] The one coming against him will act according to his will, and no one will resist before him. He will stand in the country, and everything will be accomplished in his hands.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew specifically names the Beautiful Land and destruction in his hand. Greek leaves the country unnamed and says everything will be accomplished in his hands.
Verse 11:17 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:17] He will set his face to come with the strength of his whole kingdom, bringing equitable terms with him, and will act. He will give him a daughter of women to destroy her, but she will not stand or be for him.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:17] He will set his face to advance all his undertaking by force and make treaties with him. He will give him a daughter of a human to destroy her, but she will not obey and will not remain.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew speaks of the whole kingdom and a daughter of women; Greek of the whole undertaking and a daughter of a human. The final refusal or failure differs: not stand or be his in Hebrew, not obey and not be in Greek. The Hebrew equitable-terms construction is provisional.
Verse 11:18 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:18] He will turn his face toward the coastlands and capture many. But a commander will end his insolence; indeed, he will turn his insolence back upon him.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:18] He will set his face toward the sea and take many. He will turn back the wrath of their reproach with an oath according to his reproach.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew introduces a commander countering the ruler’s insolence. Greek has an oath and a difficult repeated-reproach construction, without an explicit commander; the tentative rendering preserves those words.
Verse 11:19 Similar
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:19] He will turn his face toward the strongholds of his own land, but stumble, fall, and be found no more.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:19] He will turn his face to strengthen his country, but stumble, fall, and not be found.
Classification & Notes
Similar. Text: The ruler’s fall and disappearance agree. Hebrew names strongholds; Greek the action of strengthening the country.
Verse 11:20 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:20] In his place will arise one who sends an exactor through the kingdom’s splendor. Within a few days he will be broken, but not in anger or battle.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:20] From his root a royal plant will arise, a man striking a king’s glory. In the last days he will be shattered, but not in wrath or war.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew has a successor sending an exactor and a few days. Greek has a root and royal shoot, a man striking royal glory, and last days. Both exclude wrath and war as the manner of destruction.
Verse 11:21 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:21] In his place will arise a despised person to whom royal majesty has not been given. He will come in quietly and seize the kingdom through smooth dealings.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:21] In his place will arise one easily despised, upon whom royal glory will not be bestowed. He will come suddenly; a king will prevail in his allotment.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew gains power quietly through smooth dealings. Greek comes suddenly and prevails in an allotment, klerodosia; its specific mechanism is uncertain, and flattery is not substituted for it.
Verse 11:22 Divergent
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:22] The overwhelming forces will be swept away before him and broken, and so will a leader of the covenant.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:22] He will shatter the already-shattered arms before him.
Classification & Notes
Divergent. Text: Greek compresses the sweeping forces into a repeated shattered-arms clause and omits the covenant leader.
Verse 11:23 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:23] After an alliance is made with him, he will act deceitfully; he will rise and grow strong with a small nation.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:23] With the covenant and a people arrayed with him, he will act falsely and act against a strong nation with a very small nation.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Greek explicitly places a small nation against a strong one and mentions a people arrayed with him. Hebrew describes his own rise and growing strength after an alliance.
Verse 11:24 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:24] He will enter quietly into the richest parts of a province and do what neither his fathers nor his fathers’ fathers did. He will scatter plunder, spoil, and possessions among them, and devise plans against fortresses, but only for a time.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:24] He will suddenly desolate a city and do what neither his fathers nor his fathers’ fathers did. He will give them plunder, spoils, and money and devise plans against the strong city, but his plans will be in vain.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew enters a rich province quietly and limits his fortress plans to a time. Greek suddenly desolates a city and explicitly calls his plans vain, changing both action and outcome.
Verse 11:25 Similar
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:25] He will stir his strength and heart against the king of the south with a great army. The king of the south will wage war with an exceedingly great and mighty army, but will not stand, because plans will be devised against him.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:25] His strength and heart will be stirred against Egypt’s king with a great crowd. Egypt’s king will be provoked to war with an exceedingly strong crowd, but will not stand, because he will devise a design against him.
Classification & Notes
Similar. Text: Both bring great forces into conflict and explain the southern king’s failure through planning against him. Greek retains a singular, unexpressed planner rather than Hebrew’s indefinite plural.
Verse 11:26 Disparate
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:26] Those who eat his choice food will break him. His army will be swept away, and many will fall slain.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:26] His anxieties will consume him and turn him away. He will pass through and sweep away, and many wounded will fall.
Classification & Notes
Disparate. Text: Hebrew makes the king’s table companions his destroyers and his army the swept-away force. Greek instead makes anxieties consume him and then describes an active sweeping subject; the source’s agency is preserved.
Verse 11:27 Similar
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:27] The two kings will set their hearts on evil and speak lies at one table, but it will not succeed, for the end still awaits the appointed time.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:27] Two kings alone will dine together, eat at one table, and speak falsely, but they will not prosper, for completion still awaits its appointed time.
Classification & Notes
Similar. Text: Both depict the kings’ shared table, falsehood, failure, and appointed end. Greek adds that they dine alone; Hebrew expressly states their evil intention.
Verse 11:28 Similar
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:28] He will return to his land with great possessions, his heart set against the holy covenant. He will act and return to his own land.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:28] He will return to his country with much money, his heart against the holy covenant. He will act and return to his country
Classification & Notes
Similar. Text: Both repeat the return and hostile intent toward the covenant. Greek names money and continues its sentence into the next verse’s time phrase; tou hagiou may also be construed of the Holy One, without changing the covenant’s sacred relation here.
Verse 11:29 Similar
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:29] At the appointed time he will return and enter the south, but it will not be as before or afterward.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:29] at the appointed time. He will enter Egypt, but it will not be as the first and the last.
Classification & Notes
Similar. Text: Greek attaches the time phrase to the preceding return and explicitly names Egypt. Both retain the compressed comparison with first and last rather than supply an unstated campaign chronology.
Verse 11:30 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:30] Ships of Kittim will come against him, and he will be disheartened. He will turn back, rage against the holy covenant, and act. He will return and give attention to those who abandon the holy covenant.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:30] Romans will come, drive him out, and rebuke him. He will return, become angry against the holy covenant, act, and return. He will consider them because they abandoned the holy covenant.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew names ships of Kittim and the ruler’s dejection; Greek expressly names Romans and their expulsion and rebuke. Greek’s final causal phrase differs from Hebrew’s attention to covenant abandoners; no historical identification is added beyond the actual names.
Verse 11:31 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:31] Forces from him will arise, profane the sanctuary-fortress, remove the regular offering, and set up the desolating abomination.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:31] Arms from him will arise, defile the sanctuary of fear, remove the sacrifice, and establish an abomination of desolation.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew has sanctuary-fortress and the regular offering. Greek has sanctuary of fear and sacrifice without the regular modifier; both preserve the desecrating abomination.
Verse 11:32 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:32] He will corrupt those who act wickedly against the covenant through smooth words, but the people who know their God will be strong and act.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:32] In sins against the covenant they will defile with a harsh people, but the people who know these things will be strong and act.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew has a singular corrupter using smooth words and defines the faithful by knowing their God. Greek has plural defilers, a harsh people, and knowledge of these things, without an explicit God in that clause.
Verse 11:33 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:33] The insightful among the people will give understanding to many, but they will stumble by sword and flame, captivity and plunder, for days.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:33] The thoughtful of the nation will give understanding to many. They will stumble by the sword and grow old in it; in captivity and plunder they will be stained for days.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew names flame alongside sword. Greek instead has growing old in it and being stained, preserving these unusual terms rather than importing burning.
Verse 11:34 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:34] When they stumble, they will receive a little help, and many will join them with smooth pretenses.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:34] When they are crushed, they will gather a little strength. Many will assemble with them at a city, and many as in an allotment.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew receives limited help and describes insincere joiners. Greek gathers strength, adds a city, and uses allotment rather than smooth pretenses; the exact arrangement remains unclear.
Verse 11:35 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:35] Some of the insightful will stumble, to refine, purify, and whiten them until the time of the end, for the appointed time is still to come.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:35] Some of those who understand will consider how to purify themselves, be selected, and be cleansed until the time of completion, for the time still awaits its hours.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew connects refinement with the insightful ones’ stumbling. Greek describes their deliberation toward self-purification and selection without the same stumbling clause.
Verse 11:36 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:36] The king will do as he pleases, exalt and magnify himself above every god, and speak astonishing things against the God of gods. He will prosper until the indignation is completed, for what has been decreed will be done.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:36] The king will act according to his will, become enraged, and be exalted above every god. He will speak extraordinary things against the God of gods and prosper until the wrath is completed, for completion is coming upon him.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Greek adds anger and explicitly brings completion upon the king. Hebrew ends with the execution of what was decreed, without the same personal completion clause.
Verse 11:37 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:37] He will pay no attention to his fathers’ gods, to the desire of women, or to any god, for he will magnify himself above all.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:37] He will pay no heed to his fathers’ gods or to the desire of a woman, for he will be exalted in everything, and strong nations will be subject to him.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew has plural women and explicitly any god. Greek has a singular woman and adds the submission of strong nations. The desire expression is retained without imposing a specific deity or sexual interpretation.
Verse 11:38 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:38] Instead, he will honor a god of fortresses in its place. A god his fathers did not know he will honor with gold, silver, precious stone, and desirable things.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:38] He will stir in his place and honor a god whom his fathers did not know with gold, silver, and costly stone. And with the desirable things
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew explicitly names a god of fortresses. Greek has no equivalent designation and begins with a difficult stir-in-his-place clause. Its final desirable-things phrase continues into the next verse, after the punctuation closing the god’s honor.
Verse 11:39 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:39] He will act against strong fortresses with a foreign god. Those he acknowledges he will honor greatly, make them rule over many, and divide land for a price.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:39] of cities he will act, and he will come into a strong fortification. With a foreign god, whom he may acknowledge, he will multiply glory, rule over him greatly, and apportion country as a gift.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew grants acknowledged persons rule over many and apportions land for a price. Greek retains difficult singular god and him references, action with cities’ desirable things, and a gift rather than a price. The exact agents of its glory and domination clauses require syntactic review.
Verse 11:40 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:40] At the time of the end, the king of the south will clash with him. The king of the north will storm against him with chariots, horsemen, and many ships. He will enter countries, flood through, and pass over.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:40] At the hour of completion, Egypt’s king will clash with him. The king of the north will rage against him with chariots, many horses, and many ships, and enter Egypt’s country
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Greek specifies entry into Egypt and many horses. Hebrew names countries more generally, horsemen, and the flood-and-pass image. Both preserve the two kings and naval force.
Verse 11:41 Divergent
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:41] He will enter the Beautiful Land, and many will stumble. But these will escape his hand: Edom, Moab, and the chief part of the sons of Ammon.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:41] and come into my country,
Classification & Notes
Divergent. Text: Greek retains only entry into my country. It lacks Hebrew’s many stumbling and named exceptions Edom, Moab, and Ammon; the first-person country is not replaced by Beautiful Land.
Verse 11:42 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:42] He will stretch out his hand against countries, and Egypt’s land will not escape.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:42] and in Egypt’s country no one will be saved.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew speaks of control extending across countries and Egypt not escaping. Greek directly denies any survivor in Egypt’s country, without the hand-extension clause.
Verse 11:43 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:43] He will rule over the hidden stores of gold and silver and all Egypt’s desirable things; Libyans and Cushites will follow in his steps.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:43] He will control the place of gold, the place of silver, and all Egypt’s desirable wealth; Libyans and Ethiopians will be in his multitude.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew names hidden stores and peoples in his steps; Greek places of gold and silver and peoples within his multitude. Cushites and Ethiopians retain each source’s designation without a modern border identification.
Verse 11:44 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:44] Reports from the east and north will alarm him, and he will go out in great fury to destroy and devote many to destruction.
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:44] A report from the east and north will disturb him, and he will go out in strong anger and with a sword to wipe out and kill many.
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Greek has a singular report and explicitly a sword. Hebrew uses the ban/devotion-to-destruction verb alongside destroy; Greek wipe out and kill.
Verse 11:45 Different
Hebrew / Aramaic–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
[11:45] He will pitch his palatial tents between the seas and the beautiful holy mountain. He will come to his end, and no one will help him.”
Old Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
[11:45] Then he will set his tent between the seas and the mountain of the Holy One’s desire. The hour of his completion will come, and no one will help him.”
Classification & Notes
Different. Text: Hebrew has plural palatial tents and a beautiful holy mountain. Greek has one tent and the genitive mountain-of-desire phrase, provisionally related to the Holy One. Both conclude with his end and absence of a helper.