Micah — Hebrew and Greek compared
Choose a chapter to explore the source readings and their notes. Original references, source labels, and review records are retained.
Source guide and review record
SAINTS TRANSLATION
Micah
V2 • Reviewed translation draft • Sep 11, 2026
All one hundred five Hebrew and one hundred five Greek running-text units and every existing comparison note have received final editorial source review. Registered Rashi, Augustine and Matthew reception passages were verified in their stated presentations. Critical apparatus, manuscript collation, exhaustive reception and independent specialist certification are not claimed.
7 chapters • 105 translation rows
Reader’s guide
Read across each row to compare independent literal-smooth English renderings of the declared Hebrew and Greek texts. Rabbinic Priority and Saints Priority identify interpretive traditions, not alternate sources of biblical wording. Actual source references remain visible.
Navigation follows the declared BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart chapter and verse numbering. Each source verse appears once in its own numbered row. Both source editions have seven chapters with 16, 13, 12, 14, 14, 16 and 20 verses, totaling 105. Source 4:14 corresponds to common English 5:1, and source 5:1–14 to common English 5:2–15. Source numbering resumes its usual correspondence at chapter 6. Greek sentences cross the boundaries at 1:12–13, 2:10–12, 3:7–8 and 7:3–4,10–12; every clause remains in its own source verse.
Source basis and review scope
Hebrew: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, fifth corrected edition (1997). Greek: Rahlfs–Hanhart Septuaginta, second revised edition (2006). Complete running texts were directly checked; the registered reception passages were consulted selectively. No unregistered critical-text reconstruction or reading tradition was substituted for the displayed source wording.
Same: corresponding meaning. Similar: modest expression or emphasis difference. Different: meaningful specific detail. Divergent: addition, omission, or rearrangement. Disparate: major difference in meaning or consequence. Each row uses one governing category under the updated project reference.
Sources, method and decisions
Source register
[BHS1] Karl Elliger and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds., Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia; fifth corrected edition prepared by Adrian Schenker (1997), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 1, complete chapter. Access: Direct Hebrew main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[BHS2] Karl Elliger and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds., Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia; fifth corrected edition prepared by Adrian Schenker (1997), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 2, complete chapter. Access: Direct Hebrew main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[BHS3] Karl Elliger and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds., Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia; fifth corrected edition prepared by Adrian Schenker (1997), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 3, complete chapter. Access: Direct Hebrew main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[BHS4] Karl Elliger and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds., Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia; fifth corrected edition prepared by Adrian Schenker (1997), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 4, complete chapter. Access: Direct Hebrew main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[BHS5] Karl Elliger and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds., Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia; fifth corrected edition prepared by Adrian Schenker (1997), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 5, complete chapter. Access: Direct Hebrew main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[BHS6] Karl Elliger and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds., Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia; fifth corrected edition prepared by Adrian Schenker (1997), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 6, complete chapter. Access: Direct Hebrew main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[BHS7] Karl Elliger and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds., Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia; fifth corrected edition prepared by Adrian Schenker (1997), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 7, complete chapter. Access: Direct Hebrew main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[LXX1] Alfred Rahlfs, Septuaginta; second revised edition prepared by Robert Hanhart (2006), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 1, complete chapter. Access: Direct Greek main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[LXX2] Alfred Rahlfs, Septuaginta; second revised edition prepared by Robert Hanhart (2006), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 2, complete chapter. Access: Direct Greek main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[LXX3] Alfred Rahlfs, Septuaginta; second revised edition prepared by Robert Hanhart (2006), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 3, complete chapter. Access: Direct Greek main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[LXX4] Alfred Rahlfs, Septuaginta; second revised edition prepared by Robert Hanhart (2006), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 4, complete chapter. Access: Direct Greek main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[LXX5] Alfred Rahlfs, Septuaginta; second revised edition prepared by Robert Hanhart (2006), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 5, complete chapter. Access: Direct Greek main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[LXX6] Alfred Rahlfs, Septuaginta; second revised edition prepared by Robert Hanhart (2006), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 6, complete chapter. Access: Direct Greek main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[LXX7] Alfred Rahlfs, Septuaginta; second revised edition prepared by Robert Hanhart (2006), German Bible Society official online main text. Scope: Micah 7, complete chapter. Access: Direct Greek main text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[RASHI-MIC5] Rashi, Commentary on Micah 5:1–2 and 5:13, Chabad.org bilingual presentation. Scope: Commentary on the Davidic Messiah, Zion’s labor, and cities/enemies. Access: Direct commentary reading; modern biblical translation not used as a base. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[RASHI-MIC6] Rashi, Commentary on Micah 6:8–10, Chabad.org bilingual presentation. Scope: Commentary on discreet walking, wisdom and seeing the name, and the existential haʾish. Access: Direct commentary reading; modern biblical translation not used as a base. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[AUG-MIC] Augustine, The City of God XVIII.30, Marcus Dods translation, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, volume 2 (1887), New Advent presentation. Scope: XVIII.30, source Micah 4:1–early 4:3 and 5:1–3; Dods English presentation, Latin not collated. Access: Direct reading of the historical English translation of the patristic text. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[MAT2] Matthew 2:4–6, Nestle–Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th revised edition (2012), official German Bible Society online main text. Scope: 2:4–6, Bethlehem citation and its distinct wording. Access: Direct Greek main-text reading for apostolic reception only. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
[MAT10] Matthew 10:34–36, Nestle–Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th revised edition (2012), official German Bible Society online main text. Scope: 10:34–36, reuse of household division language. Access: Direct Greek main-text reading for apostolic reception only. Checked Sep 11, 2026.
Key terms
יהוה / κύριος — YHWH / Lord. Keep the displayed divine designation, with God or Master/Lord only where present. Clear divine pronouns are capitalized; uncertain subjects, especially the ruler passages, remain lowercase.
משפט / κρίμα, κρίσις — justice, judgment, case. Distinguish right conduct, adjudication and a legal dispute by context, especially chapters 3 and 6.
חסד / ἔλεος — steadfast love or kindness / mercy. 6:8; 7:18,20. Preserve the relational Hebrew range while allowing the Greek mercy vocabulary its own expression.
עולם / αἰών — old, enduring age, forever. Context determines temporal extent. In 5:1 ancient days/days of old retains antiquity without deciding the ruler’s ontology; days of eternity is also possible in Greek. In 4:5,7 the future reign and commitment call for forever. Later messianic readings are explicitly attributed.
מוצאות / ἔξοδοι — goings out. 5:1 keeps the plural motion/origin expression open; it does not independently identify a physical birth, ancestry, or eternal generation.
רעה / ποιμαίνω — shepherd. 5:3,5 and 7:14 retain the pastoral government image, including the striking sword context in 5:5.
נסיכי אדם / δήγματα ἀνθρώπων — princes of men / bites of people. 5:4; Greek bites is difficult but is the displayed text, with no silent emendation to princes.
הצנע לכת / ἕτοιμον εἶναι τοῦ πορεύεσθαι — walk humbly / be ready to walk. 6:8 preserves the actual distinction; discreetly is an alternative Hebrew sense supported in Rashi’s reception.
שמות המקומות / translated or distinct place expressions — source-specific names and wordplays. Especially 1:10–15, 4:14, 6:5,16 and 7:12; Greek Akim, Lachish, Ephraim, rushes, Zambri and Tyre are not overwritten with Hebrew identifications.
איפה — ephah. 6:10 names a dry measure fraudulently reduced. No modern volume conversion is imposed.
אשרה / ἄλσος — Asherah / grove. 5:13 retains the distinct cultic terms rather than assuming identical physical objects.
שארית / ὑπόλειμμα, κατάλοιποι — remnant, remaining ones. A repeated gathering and mercy theme; Greek remaining ones in 3:1,9 specifically differs from Hebrew rulers.
Editorial decisions
Reviewed every verse of both declared main texts on Sep 11, 2026 against the independent translation columns. Complete Hebrew chapters 1, 3, 4 and 7 were accessed through the publisher’s German interface; Hebrew 2, 5 and 6 and all Greek chapters through its English interface. The actual successful URLs are registered.
Retained the source chapter boundary at 4:14 and 5:1; no verse or sentence fragment was dropped during alignment.
Retained displayed Hebrew first-person forms at 1:10 and 4:13 and the see wording at 6:9; no unregistered qere, emendation or reconstructed critical text was substituted.
Retained the hardest Greek nominal constructions and shifts in agency, including 1:10–15; 2:6–12; 3:8; 5:4,6; 6:9–14 and 7:3–4,11–12. Provisional English and alternate senses are documented rather than disguised as settled readings.
Preserved the distinctions between the Bethlehem text, Matthew’s quotation, Rashi’s messianic interpretation and Augustine’s christological reception. Reception does not supply names or clauses to either translation column.
The five comparison categories are editorial judgments of the adopted aligned readings, with no quota. Disparate classifications tied to uncertain constructions require renewed review if the interpretation changes.
All numerical quantities are spelled out in translation text; chapter and verse navigation uses digits. No modern translation served as a base, and no modern translation was rewritten through substitutions.
Source chapter and verse references remain visible throughout.
Open questions
Micah 1:8,10–15: specialist review is needed for Hebrew stripped, Beth-ezel’s support, Maroth’s travail and the Greek Akim/house/laughter, Sennaan, inheritance and heirs constructions. The provisional English preserves the displayed lexical material.
Micah 2:4,6–12: review Hebrew turncoat, the scope of quoted speech, returning from war and Bozrah/fold; review Greek spirit, skin, hope, drop, turning back and the leap from people.
Micah 3:6,8: review the privative versus causal night/vision prepositions and the Greek unless I fill construction.
Micah 4:8,13–14: review the parched/squalid tower, first-person Hebrew dedication and muster/cut-yourself wordplay.
Micah 5:1–7: review ancient/eternal duration without using reception as a substitute for philology, the unexpressed giver and rescuer, Greek bites, lambs, gathering/standing and separating prey.
Micah 6:9–14: review the wisdom/seeing syntax, Greek fire/house question, purity/justification shifts, Hebrew yeshḥakha and the Greek darkening/turning subject.
Micah 7:3–4,11–12: review the Greek moth/measuring-rod and brick-plastering constructions; Hebrew boundary/decree and Matsor/Egypt remain interpretive choices.
Micah 7:15,18–19: review the Hebrew him recipient, Greek testimony instead of forever, and the final Greek accusative after passive casting. No pronouns or cases have been silently harmonized.
Classification totals
Same: 19 • Different: 42 • Disparate: 29 • Divergent: 8 • Similar: 7. Counting unit: one aligned verse row. These are affected rows, not unique textual variants.
Disparate index
1:7, 1:8, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 2:1, 2:4, 2:6, 2:7, 2:8, 2:9, 2:11, 2:12, 3:7, 3:8, 4:14, 5:4, 5:6, 6:9, 6:10, 6:14, 6:16, 7:3, 7:4, 7:11, 7:12
Final editorial review
Review completed: Sep 11, 2026
All one hundred five Hebrew and one hundred five Greek units and every comparison note were checked against the declared publisher texts. The seven source chapter counts and all three-column comparison rows remain intact. Greek 3:8 now makes explicit the genitives of judgment and might in connection with spirit, preserving the active I fill and the provisional unless construction. No reading unit was added or removed.
Registered Rashi and Matthew reception passages were verified; Augustine, City of God XVIII.30, was checked in the Dods English presentation. His quotations concern connected passages and differ at points from the selected Greek. Notes at 4:1–3 and 5:1–3 identify that scope and the relevant quotation differences. No New Testament quotation is substituted into Micah.
Critical apparatuses, manuscript images and exhaustive reception remain uncollated. The recorded difficult Hebrew and Greek constructions still require independent specialist review.