ApostleTrusting deliverance

Exodus 14 — Hebrew and Greek compared

Saints-Translation_Exodus-1-20_V2

Same 9 Similar 7 Different 12 Divergent 2 Disparate 1

Disparate in this chapter: 14:21

Each card keeps the independently rendered source readings above their shared comparison and reception notes. The badge records the source’s governing classification; disparate readings are marked in red. Each reading retains its original reference.

Chapter 14

The Camp of Israel

Verse 14:1 Same

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

1 YHWH spoke to Moses, saying,

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:1 The Lord spoke to Moses, saying,

Classification & Notes

Same — The corresponding meaning and content agree.

Verse 14:2 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

2 “Tell the sons of Israel to turn back and camp before Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, before Baal-zephon. You shall camp opposite it, by the sea.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:2 “Tell the sons of Israel to turn back and camp opposite the settlement, between Migdol and the sea, opposite Baal-zephon. You shall camp before them, by the sea.

Classification & Notes

Different — Greek has settlement for Pi-hahiroth and plural them in the last clause [H14; G14]. Recognizable spellings are used for corresponding Migdol and Baal-zephon.

Verse 14:3 Divergent

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

3 “Pharaoh will say of the sons of Israel, ‘They are entangled in the land; the wilderness has shut them in.’

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:3 “Pharaoh will say to his people, ‘These sons of Israel are wandering in the land, for the wilderness has shut them in.’

Classification & Notes

Divergent — Greek specifies the audience and has wandering [G14]. It does not describe a formal council meeting.

Verse 14:4 Similar

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

4 “I will make Pharaoh’s heart firm, and he will pursue them. I will gain glory through Pharaoh and all his army, and the Egyptians will know that I am YHWH.” They did so.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:4 “I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and he will pursue them. I will be glorified through Pharaoh and all his army, and all the Egyptians will know that I am the Lord.” They did so.

Classification & Notes

Similar — Greek includes all with Egyptians; both state divine hardening and glory [H14; G14].

Verse 14:5 Same

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

5 The king of Egypt was told that the people had fled. Pharaoh and his servants had a change of heart toward the people and said, “What have we done, letting Israel go from serving us?”

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:5 The king of the Egyptians was told that the people had fled. Pharaoh and his attendants had a change of heart toward the people and said, “What have we done, sending the sons of Israel away so that they no longer serve us?”

Classification & Notes

Same — The idiom of a changed heart is preserved in both. Service here is coerced labor, not worship [H14; G14].

Verse 14:6 Similar

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

6 He harnessed his chariot and took his people with him.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:6 Pharaoh harnessed his chariots and took all his people with him.

Classification & Notes

Similar — Greek explicitly names Pharaoh and says all. Hebrew chariot can function collectively, so its singular form alone does not establish a different fleet size [H14; G14].

Verse 14:7 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

7 He took six hundred chosen chariots, all Egypt’s chariots, and officers over all of them.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:7 He took six hundred chosen chariots, all the Egyptians’ horse force, and officers over all.

Classification & Notes

Different — Greek names the horse force where Hebrew repeats chariots [H14; G14]. Horse force avoids assuming that every horse was independently ridden rather than used with chariots.

Verse 14:8 Divergent

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

8 YHWH made the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt firm, and he pursued the sons of Israel. The sons of Israel were going out with a high hand.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:8 The Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt and of his attendants, and he pursued the sons of Israel. The sons of Israel were going out with a high hand.

Classification & Notes

Divergent — Greek includes the attendants in the hardening [G14]. High hand is the shared image of confident departure.

Verse 14:9 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

9 The Egyptians pursued them—all Pharaoh’s horses and chariots, his horsemen, and his army—and overtook them camped by the sea, beside Pi-hahiroth, before Baal-zephon.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:9 The Egyptians pursued them and found them camped by the sea. All Pharaoh’s horse force and chariots, his horsemen, and his army were opposite the settlement, opposite Baal-zephon.

Classification & Notes

Different — Overtook/found and the sentence arrangement differ. The settlement corresponds to Pi-hahiroth as in verse 2 [H14; G14].

Verse 14:10 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

10 As Pharaoh drew near, the sons of Israel lifted their eyes and saw the Egyptians marching after them. They were very afraid, and the sons of Israel cried out to YHWH.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:10 Pharaoh drew near. The sons of Israel looked up and saw the Egyptians camped behind them. They were very afraid, and the sons of Israel cried out to the Lord.

Classification & Notes

Different — Greek says camped rather than marching [G14]. Camped behind them does not by itself describe complete encirclement.

Verse 14:11 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

11 They said to Moses, “Was it because there were no graves in Egypt that you took us away to die in the wilderness? What have you done to us by bringing us out of Egypt?

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:11 They said to Moses, “Was it because there were no tombs in the land of Egypt that you brought us out to put us to death in the wilderness? What have you done to us by bringing us out of Egypt?

Classification & Notes

Different — Greek’s put us to death is more explicitly causative than Hebrew’s to die [H14; G14]. These are the people’s accusations.

Verse 14:12 Similar

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

12 “Is this not what we told you in Egypt: ‘Leave us alone so that we may serve the Egyptians’? It would be better for us to serve the Egyptians than to die in the wilderness.”

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:12 “Is this not what we told you in Egypt: ‘Leave us alone so that we may serve the Egyptians’? It would be better for us to serve the Egyptians than to die in this wilderness.”

Classification & Notes

Similar — Greek adds this before wilderness [G14].

Verse 14:13 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

13 Moses said to the people, “Do not fear. Stand firm and see YHWH’s salvation, which He will accomplish for you today. The Egyptians you see today you will never see again.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:13 Moses said to the people, “Take courage. Stand and see the salvation from God, which He will accomplish for us today. As you have seen the Egyptians today, you will never see them again.

Classification & Notes

Different — Do not fear/take courage, YHWH/God, and you/us differ [H14; G14]. The promise concerns the Egyptians confronting them here.

Verse 14:14 Same

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

14 “YHWH will fight for you, and you shall keep silent.”

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:14 “The Lord will fight for you, and you shall keep silent.”

Classification & Notes

Same — The corresponding meaning and content agree.

The Crossing of the Red Sea

Verse 14:15 Same

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

15 YHWH said to Moses, “Why do you cry out to Me? Tell the sons of Israel to set out.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:15 The Lord said to Moses, “Why do you cry out to Me? Tell the sons of Israel to set out.

Classification & Notes

Same — The corresponding meaning and content agree.
Rabbinic: Rashi on 14:15 describes Moses praying and explains that the people’s danger calls for moving forward rather than prolonging that prayer. His interpretation concerns this urgent moment [R14].

Verse 14:16 Similar

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

16 “Lift your staff, stretch out your hand over the sea, and split it, so that the sons of Israel may enter the midst of the sea on dry ground.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:16 “Lift up with your staff, stretch out your hand over the sea, and split it. Let the sons of Israel enter the midst of the sea on dry ground.

Classification & Notes

Similar — Greek has the unusual lift up with your staff, without an expressed object [G14]. Split is supported in both; it is not solely a Greek intensification.

Verse 14:17 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

17 “Behold, I will make the Egyptians’ hearts firm, and they will enter after them. I will gain glory through Pharaoh and all his army, his chariots, and his horsemen.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:17 “Behold, I will harden the heart of Pharaoh and of all the Egyptians, and they will enter after them. I will be glorified through Pharaoh and all his army, his chariots, and his horses.

Classification & Notes

Different — Greek names Pharaoh and all the Egyptians, not V1’s all his attendants. Greek concludes with horses rather than horsemen [H14; G14].

Verse 14:18 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

18 “The Egyptians will know that I am YHWH when I gain glory through Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen.”

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:18 “All the Egyptians will know that I am the Lord when I am glorified through Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horses.”

Classification & Notes

Different — Greek includes all and again has horses [G14].

Verse 14:19 Same

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

19 The angel of God, who went before Israel’s camp, moved and went behind them. The pillar of cloud also moved from before them and stood behind them.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:19 The angel of God, who went before the camp of the sons of Israel, moved and went behind them. The pillar of cloud also moved from before them and stood behind them.

Classification & Notes

Same — Both distinguish the angel and the pillar while describing their coordinated movement.

Verse 14:20 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

20 It came between Egypt’s camp and Israel’s camp. There were the cloud and the darkness, and it lit up the night. Neither came near the other all night.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:20 It came between the Egyptians’ camp and Israel’s camp and stood there. There were darkness and gloom, and the night passed. They did not mingle with one another all night.

Classification & Notes

Different — Hebrew has the difficult cloud, darkness, and illumination sequence; Greek has darkness, gloom, and the passing night [H14; G14]. V1’s assignment of light and darkness to separate groups was interpretive supplementation.

Verse 14:21 Disparate

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

21 Moses stretched out his hand over the sea. YHWH drove the sea back with a strong east wind all night and made the sea dry ground. The waters were split.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:21 Moses stretched out his hand over the sea. The Lord drove the sea back with a violent south wind all night and made the sea dry. The water was split.

Classification & Notes

Disparate — The specified wind is east in Hebrew and south in Greek, as at 10:13 [H14; G14]. The translated account does not select a modern physical reconstruction.

Verse 14:22 Similar

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

22 The sons of Israel entered the midst of the sea on dry ground, and the waters were a wall for them on their right and their left.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:22 The sons of Israel entered the midst of the sea on dry ground, and the water was a wall for them on the right and a wall on the left.

Classification & Notes

Similar — Greek repeats wall [G14]. Both preserve the image.
Saints: In 1 Corinthians 10:1–2, Paul interprets the passage through the sea and cloud as baptism into Moses. This is typological reception of the deliverance narrative [S8].

Verse 14:23 Same

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

23 The Egyptians pursued them, and all Pharaoh’s horses, his chariots, and his horsemen entered after them into the midst of the sea.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:23 The Egyptians pursued them, and all Pharaoh’s horses, the chariots, and the riders entered after them into the midst of the sea.

Classification & Notes

Same — The corresponding meaning and content agree.

Verse 14:24 Same

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

24 During the morning watch, YHWH looked down on the Egyptians’ camp through the pillar of fire and cloud and threw the Egyptians’ camp into confusion.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:24 During the morning watch, the Lord looked on the Egyptians’ camp in a pillar of fire and cloud and threw the Egyptians’ camp into confusion.

Classification & Notes

Same — Both describe disruption of the camp. The Greek verb does not establish an additional military event [H14; G14].

Verse 14:25 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

25 He removed their chariot wheels and made them move with difficulty. The Egyptians said, “Let us flee from Israel, for YHWH is fighting for them against the Egyptians.”

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:25 He bound the axles of their chariots and drove them with force. The Egyptians said, “Let us flee from Israel, for the Lord is fighting for them against the Egyptians.”

Classification & Notes

Different — Removing wheels/binding axles and difficulty/force differ [H14; G14]. The descriptions establish disrupted movement without specifying a complete mechanical sequence.

The Lord Rescues Israel

Verse 14:26 Similar

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

26 YHWH said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand over the sea so that the waters may return over the Egyptians, their chariots, and their horsemen.”

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:26 The Lord said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand over the sea. Let the water return and cover the Egyptians, both the chariots and the riders.”

Classification & Notes

Similar — Greek explicitly states covering as a second command [G14].

Verse 14:27 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

27 Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and at daybreak the sea returned to its strength. The Egyptians fled toward it, and YHWH shook the Egyptians into the midst of the sea.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:27 Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and toward daybreak the water returned to its place. The Egyptians fled beneath the water, and the Lord shook the Egyptians into the midst of the sea.

Classification & Notes

Different — Strength/place and toward it/beneath the water differ [H14; G14]. Both contain the shaking image; it is not a Greek-only addition.

Verse 14:28 Same

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

28 The waters returned and covered the chariots, the horsemen, and all Pharaoh’s army that had entered the sea after them. Not one of them remained.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:28 The water returned and covered the chariots, the riders, and all Pharaoh’s force that had entered the sea after them. Not one of them remained.

Classification & Notes

Same — The final none refers to the pursuing force just described.

Verse 14:29 Similar

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

29 But the sons of Israel walked on dry ground in the midst of the sea, and the waters were a wall for them on their right and their left.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:29 But the sons of Israel walked on dry ground in the midst of the sea, and the water was a wall for them on the right and a wall on the left.

Classification & Notes

Similar — The repetition of wall follows Greek verse 22 [G14].

Verse 14:30 Same

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

30 YHWH saved Israel that day from the Egyptians’ hand, and Israel saw the Egyptians dead on the seashore.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:30 The Lord rescued Israel that day from the Egyptians’ hand, and Israel saw the Egyptians dead on the seashore.

Classification & Notes

Same — Saved/rescued expresses corresponding deliverance; the different English verbs do not prove different doctrines of salvation.

Verse 14:31 Different

Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth(Rabbinic Priority)

31 Israel saw the great hand that YHWH had displayed against the Egyptians. The people feared YHWH and trusted YHWH and His servant Moses.

Greek–English: Literal-Smooth(Saints Priority)

14:31 Israel saw the great hand, what the Lord had done to the Egyptians. The people feared the Lord and trusted God and His attendant Moses.

Classification & Notes

Different — Great hand is present in both sources, contrary to V1’s note. The concluding YHWH/God differs [H14; G14]. Servant/attendant concerns Moses’ relation to God, not a demonstrated promotion in legal rank.