EvangelistFaithful proclamation

Romans 1 — Greek text and reception

Saints Translation: Romans 1–16 [V2]

Each card preserves the Greek reading and its textual and reception notes. This source provides a Greek study edition; Hebrew counterparts and Hebrew–Greek classifications are not supplied.

Chapter 1

The gospel of God and humanity’s exchange of the truth

Verse 1:1

Greek–English Saints Priority

Paul, a slave of Christ Jesus, called as an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God,

Textual & Reception Notes

Δοῦλος is ‘slave,’ preserving the strong relation of belonging and service in Paul’s self-designation. ‘Called as an apostle’ does not mean a merely proposed future office. The source orders the name Christ Jesus.

Verse 1:2

Greek–English Saints Priority

which He promised beforehand through His prophets in holy Scriptures,

Textual & Reception Notes

Verse 1:3

Greek–English Saints Priority

concerning His Son, who came from David’s seed according to the flesh,

Textual & Reception Notes

‘Seed’ preserves descent language; κατὰ σάρκα is ‘according to the flesh,’ not an assertion that flesh is itself sinful.

Verse 1:4

Greek–English Saints Priority

who was designated Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,

Textual & Reception Notes

Ὁρισθέντος is rendered ‘designated,’ with appointment or determination in its range. ‘In power’ and the contrast with ‘according to the flesh’ remain explicit; no adoption-at-resurrection doctrine is inserted. ‘Spirit of holiness’ is capitalized as a provisional reference to the divine Spirit; the phrase and its relation to Christ’s risen state need review. Greek ‘resurrection of dead ones’ is rendered idiomatically.

Verse 1:5

Greek–English Saints Priority

through whom we received grace and apostleship for the obedience of faith among all the nations for His name,

Textual & Reception Notes

‘Obedience of faith’ retains the genitive, which can express obedience arising from faith or obedience consisting in faith. Ἔθνη is nations here, also used for Gentiles in other contexts.

Verse 1:6

Greek–English Saints Priority

among whom you also are, called by Jesus Christ:

Textual & Reception Notes

Κλητοὶ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ may express those called by Christ or called to belong to Him. This draft adopts ‘called by’; the genitive does not itself settle the precise agency.

Verse 1:7

Greek–English Saints Priority

to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called as saints: grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

Textual & Reception Notes

‘Saints’ renders the holy people addressed, not a subset later recognized through formal canonization.

Verse 1:8

Greek–English Saints Priority

First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because your faith is proclaimed in the whole world.

Textual & Reception Notes

Verse 1:9

Greek–English Saints Priority

For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the gospel of His Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you,

Textual & Reception Notes

‘My spirit’ refers to Paul’s own inward service and is therefore lowercase. The repeated ‘gospel’ remains connected with God’s Son.

Verse 1:10

Greek–English Saints Priority

always in my prayers asking whether somehow now at last I may be granted a way, by the will of God, to come to you.

Textual & Reception Notes

Εὐοδωθήσομαι concerns being granted success or a favorable way in coming to Rome; it is not a general promise of material prosperity.

Verse 1:11

Greek–English Saints Priority

For I long to see you, so that I may share with you some spiritual gift for you to be strengthened,

Textual & Reception Notes

Verse 1:12

Greek–English Saints Priority

that is, to be encouraged together among you through one another’s faith, both yours and mine.

Textual & Reception Notes

Paul immediately describes the encouragement as mutual, through both their faith and his.

Verse 1:13

Greek–English Saints Priority

And I do not wish you to be ignorant, brothers, that I often planned to come to you—and was hindered until now—so that I might have some fruit among you also, just as among the other nations.

Textual & Reception Notes

‘Brothers’ retains the familial form ἀδελφοί as a community address, which can include women. ‘Fruit’ is left as the apostolic image rather than specified as a numerical conversion total.

Verse 1:14

Greek–English Saints Priority

I am a debtor both to Greeks and to barbarians, both to the wise and to the senseless.

Textual & Reception Notes

‘Barbarians’ is the ancient Greek designation for those outside Greek language and culture; it is not translated as inherently savage people.

Verse 1:15

Greek–English Saints Priority

Thus, for my part, I am eager to proclaim the gospel also to you who are in Rome.

Textual & Reception Notes

Verse 1:16

Greek–English Saints Priority

For I am not ashamed of the gospel, for it is God’s power for salvation to everyone who believes, to the Jew first and also to the Greek.

Textual & Reception Notes

The source has ‘the gospel’ with no additional ‘of Christ’ in this verse. ‘To the Jew first and also to the Greek’ is retained.

Verse 1:17

Greek–English Saints Priority

For in it God’s righteousness is revealed from faith to faith, just as it is written, “But the righteous one will live by faith.”

Textual & Reception Notes

‘God’s righteousness’ and ‘from faith to faith’ remain open to their contextual theological relations. The scriptural clause can also be construed ‘the one righteous by faith will live’; the draft attaches ‘by faith’ to living.

Verse 1:18

Greek–English Saints Priority

For God’s wrath is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,

Textual & Reception Notes

Verse 1:19

Greek–English Saints Priority

because what is known of God is manifest among them, for God made it manifest to them.

Textual & Reception Notes

Τὸ γνωστόν may denote what is known or knowable about God. Ἐν αὐτοῖς may be ‘among them’ or ‘within them’; this draft adopts the former.

Verse 1:20

Greek–English Saints Priority

For His invisible things, both His eternal power and divinity, have been clearly seen since the creation of the world, understood through the things made, so that they are without excuse,

Textual & Reception Notes

Θειότης is divinity or divine character; it is not expanded into a comprehensive account of God’s essence. The argument moves from what is made to the invisible attributes named.

Verse 1:21

Greek–English Saints Priority

because, although they knew God, they did not glorify Him as God or give thanks, but became futile in their reasonings, and their senseless heart was darkened.

Textual & Reception Notes

Verse 1:22

Greek–English Saints Priority

Claiming to be wise, they became foolish,

Textual & Reception Notes

Verse 1:23

Greek–English Saints Priority

and exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible humanity, and of birds and four-footed animals and creeping things.

Textual & Reception Notes

The contrast between incorruptible God and corruptible humanity is explicit, as are all three further classes of living creatures.

Verse 1:24

Greek–English Saints Priority

Therefore God handed them over, in the desires of their hearts, to impurity, so that their bodies would be dishonored among them,

Textual & Reception Notes

Verse 1:25

Greek–English Saints Priority

who exchanged the truth of God for the lie, and revered and worshiped the creation instead of the Creator, who is blessed unto the ages. Amen.

Textual & Reception Notes

Verse 1:26

Greek–English Saints Priority

For this reason God handed them over to dishonorable passions; for their females exchanged natural relations for those contrary to nature,

Textual & Reception Notes

The Greek uses the sex terms ‘females’ and, in 1:27, ‘males.’ ‘Relations’ renders χρῆσις, literally use, in its sexual context; no modern identity label or restriction to an unstated particular social practice is inserted.

Verse 1:27

Greek–English Saints Priority

and likewise the males, leaving natural relations with the female, burned in their desire for one another, males with males working what is shameful and receiving in themselves the recompense that was due for their error.

Textual & Reception Notes

Verse 1:28

Greek–English Saints Priority

And just as they did not see fit to retain God in their knowledge, God handed them over to an unfit mind, to do what is not fitting:

Textual & Reception Notes

The word relation between ἐδοκίμασαν, ‘saw fit/approved,’ and ἀδόκιμον, ‘unfit/disapproved,’ is kept visible.

Verse 1:29

Greek–English Saints Priority

filled with all unrighteousness, wickedness, greed, evil; full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, malice; whisperers,

Textual & Reception Notes

Every listed vice is retained. The source has no extra πορνεία, ‘sexual immorality,’ in this list position.

Verse 1:30

Greek–English Saints Priority

slanderers, haters of God, insolent, proud, boastful, inventors of evils, disobedient to parents,

Textual & Reception Notes

Θεοστυγεῖς is provisionally ‘haters of God’; the adjective has also been understood passively, ‘hated by God.’

Verse 1:31

Greek–English Saints Priority

without understanding, faithless, without natural affection, merciless;

Textual & Reception Notes

Ἀσυνθέτους concerns breach of trust or agreements; ‘faithless’ here is not simply the absence of religious belief. ‘Without natural affection’ preserves ἀστόργους.

Verse 1:32

Greek–English Saints Priority

who, knowing God’s righteous decree, that those who practice such things are worthy of death, not only do them, but also approve those who practice them.

Textual & Reception Notes

The decree, awareness of it, actual practice, and approval of others’ practice are separate assertions. The text is translated as Paul’s argument without an added command for readers to inflict punishment.