Romans 5 — Greek text and reception
Each card preserves the Greek reading and its textual and reception notes. This source provides a Greek study edition; Hebrew counterparts and Hebrew–Greek classifications are not supplied.
Chapter 5
Peace with God; Adam and Christ
Verse 5:1
Greek–English Saints Priority
Therefore, having been justified from faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ,
Textual & Reception Notes
The source reads indicative ἔχομεν, ‘we have,’ not subjunctive ‘let us have.’ ‘Peace with God’ remains the stated result.
Verse 5:2
Greek–English Saints Priority
through whom we have also obtained access by faith into this grace in which we stand; and we boast in hope of God’s glory.
Textual & Reception Notes
‘By faith’ is explicit in this source. Καυχώμεθα is rendered ‘boast’ to preserve its connection with the earlier exclusion of human boasting and the new grounds stated here.
Verse 5:3
Greek–English Saints Priority
And not only this, but we also boast in afflictions, knowing that affliction works perseverance,
Textual & Reception Notes
Verse 5:4
Greek–English Saints Priority
and perseverance, proven character, and proven character, hope.
Textual & Reception Notes
Δοκιμή is tested or proven character, the result of endurance; it is not simply another word for undergoing a test.
Verse 5:5
Greek–English Saints Priority
And hope does not put us to shame, because God’s love has been poured out in our hearts through the Holy Spirit who was given to us.
Textual & Reception Notes
‘God’s love’ can formally describe love from God or love for God; the following demonstration in Christ’s death supports the former in this context. The Spirit’s giving and the love’s being poured out are distinct actions.
Verse 5:6
Greek–English Saints Priority
For while we were still weak, even then Christ died at the appointed time for the ungodly.
Textual & Reception Notes
The source contains repeated ἔτι. ‘Still’ and ‘even then’ retain its temporal insistence while smoothing the construction. ‘At the appointed time’ renders κατὰ καιρόν.
Verse 5:7
Greek–English Saints Priority
For scarcely will someone die for a righteous person; though perhaps for the good person someone even dares to die.
Textual & Reception Notes
Righteous and good are distinct descriptions in the Greek. Their precise rhetorical contrast is left to the argument, rather than expanded into two fully defined moral categories.
Verse 5:8
Greek–English Saints Priority
But God demonstrates His own love toward us in that, while we were still sinners, Christ died for us.
Textual & Reception Notes
Verse 5:9
Greek–English Saints Priority
Much more, then, having now been justified in His blood, we will be saved through Him from wrath.
Textual & Reception Notes
The source says ‘in His blood’ and ‘through Him’; the two expressions are kept distinct. Salvation from wrath is future.
Verse 5:10
Greek–English Saints Priority
For if, while we were enemies, we were reconciled to God through the death of His Son, much more, having been reconciled, we will be saved in His life.
Textual & Reception Notes
The death of the Son and His life are contrasted. ‘While we were enemies’ is not changed into a claim that reconciliation followed our prior moral improvement.
Verse 5:11
Greek–English Saints Priority
And not only this, but we also boast in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom we have now received reconciliation.
Textual & Reception Notes
The Greek participle ‘boasting’ continues the argument; English supplies a finite construction for readability. Καταλλαγή is reconciliation, distinct from the propitiation term in 3:25.
Verse 5:12
Greek–English Saints Priority
For this reason, just as through one person sin entered the world, and through sin, death, and so death passed to all people, because all sinned—
Textual & Reception Notes
Ἐφ’ ᾧ is rendered causally, ‘because,’ with ‘all sinned’ retained. The relation between Adam, universal death, and universal sin is not expanded into an additional mechanism. The unfinished ‘just as’ construction leads into the intervening explanation.
Biblical connection — Apostolic interpretation: Genesis 3:19. Read Paul's Adam-Christ argument across Romans 5:12-21 alongside the account of humanity's mortality in Genesis. Paul develops a theological comparison rather than a new translation of Genesis.
Verse 5:13
Greek–English Saints Priority
for until law, sin was in the world, but sin is not charged to account when there is no law;
Textual & Reception Notes
Sin’s presence and its being charged to account are distinguished, as are sin and explicit transgression in the surrounding argument.
Verse 5:14
Greek–English Saints Priority
nevertheless death reigned from Adam until Moses, even over those who did not sin in the likeness of Adam’s transgression, who is a type of the One to come.
Textual & Reception Notes
Adam is called a τύπος, a type or anticipatory pattern, of the One to come. The comparison is developed through both likeness and contrast.
Verse 5:15
Greek–English Saints Priority
But the gift is not like the trespass. For if by the one man’s trespass the many died, much more did God’s grace and the gift in the grace of the one Man, Jesus Christ, abound to the many.
Textual & Reception Notes
Verse 5:16
Greek–English Saints Priority
And the gift is not like what came through one who sinned; for the judgment from one trespass resulted in condemnation, but the gift from many trespasses resulted in justification.
Textual & Reception Notes
The initial phrase is ‘through one who sinned’; the following ‘from one’ is understood as one trespass in contrast to many trespasses. Δικαίωμα here is rendered justification or an acquitting verdict; its contextual rendering differs from ‘righteous act’ in 5:18.
Verse 5:17
Greek–English Saints Priority
For if, by the one man’s trespass, death reigned through the one, much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and the gift of righteousness reign in life through the One, Jesus Christ.
Textual & Reception Notes
Verse 5:18
Greek–English Saints Priority
So then, as through one trespass there was condemnation for all people, so also through one righteous act there is justification of life for all people.
Textual & Reception Notes
Both halves are elliptical in Greek; English supplies ‘there was/is’ to express the contrasted results. Both occurrences of ‘all people’ remain. ‘Justification of life’ preserves the genitive, understood as justification issuing in life.
Verse 5:19
Greek–English Saints Priority
For just as through the disobedience of the one person the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the One the many will be made righteous.
Textual & Reception Notes
Καθίστημι is rendered ‘made’ in both clauses, without replacing either with ‘merely regarded.’ Past constitution as sinners and future constitution as righteous are preserved.
Verse 5:20
Greek–English Saints Priority
But law came in alongside, so that the trespass might increase; but where sin increased, grace abounded beyond measure,
Textual & Reception Notes
Παρεισῆλθεν is ‘came in alongside.’ The purpose that trespass increase and the surpassing abundance of grace are kept, without changing ‘increase’ into the unexpressed ‘be noticed.’
Verse 5:21
Greek–English Saints Priority
so that, just as sin reigned in death, so also grace might reign through righteousness for eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.
Textual & Reception Notes