Revelation — Greek text and reception
Choose a chapter to explore the source readings and their notes. Original references, source labels, and review records are retained.
Source guide and review record
SAINTS TRANSLATION
Revelation
V2 working draft • Sep 13, 2026
Complete working translation draft V1, chapters 1–22. All actual Greek entries are covered; qualified independent linguistic review and the listed interpretation questions remain outstanding.
22 chapters • 405 verse rows
Reader’s guide
The three columns identify the verse, give its literal-smooth English translation from the declared Greek, and distinguish textual observations from attributed reception.
All 405 actual Greek source entries are represented in exact order. This file numbers the dragon’s standing on the shore as 12:18 separately; divisions that attach that sentence to 13:1 commonly count 404 verses. The difference is segmentation, not extra translated content. Source 4:1–2 and 22:1–2 sentence boundaries are explicitly retained.
Source basis and review scope
SBLGNT Greek running main text, Michael W. Holmes, ed. (2010), official Faithlife electronic file.
Sources, Method & Decisions
Source register
[G] SBL Greek New Testament, Michael W. Holmes, ed. (2010), official Faithlife electronic running text: Revelation. All Greek running-text entries 1:1–22:21 directly read before independent English drafting. Editorial comparison sigla not translated as words. Source-form notes report this text, not an unperformed manuscript collation. Primary Greek source; full book accessed. Source [G]. Accessed Sep 8, 2026.
[IREN] Irenaeus, Against Heresies V.30.1–3, New Advent published English translation. Directly read numerical-reading discussion and caution against rash naming of the beast. Selective reception paraphrase, including his historical report about copies; not independent manuscript verification. Patristic reception in published English translation; ancient-language witnesses not collated. Source [IREN]. Accessed Sep 8, 2026.
[VIC] Victorinus, Commentary on the Apocalypse, section on chapter 12, New Advent published English text. Directly read ecclesial interpretation of the woman in 12:1–2. Citation refers to the accessed form of this commentary, without a claim to have collated its Latin recensions. Patristic reception in published English translation; recension comparison not performed. Source [VIC]. Accessed Sep 8, 2026.
[LIC] SBLGNT publisher license and attribution. Greek source copyright 2010 Society of Biblical Literature and Logos Bible Software; publisher states Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. This English working translation is a new adaptation and is not a publisher translation or endorsement. Publisher rights statement directly accessed. Source [LIC]. Accessed Sep 8, 2026.
Contextual term record
apokalypsis → revelation. Unveiling; the title does not by itself assign a chronology.
doulos / syndoulos → slave / fellow slave. The service relation is kept visible, including angels who refuse worship.
ekklēsia / hagioi → Church / saints. Church or Churches identifies the Christian communities in all twenty ekklēsia occurrences across nineteen verses. This contextual rendering does not imply a later institutional structure. Saints is not restricted to later canonized individuals.
angelos → angel. Messenger; the identity of a Church’s angel is not resolved by a new office title.
arnion / zōon / thērion → Lamb / living creature / beast. Distinct source nouns remain distinct.
nikāō → conquer. The repeated conquest word is used of the Lamb, witnesses, and hostile powers according to the source.
stephanos / diadēma → crown / diadem. Victory-crown and royal-headband vocabulary remain distinguishable.
skēnē / skēnoō → tent / dwell or spread a tent. The tabernacle and dwelling image is preserved through the book.
thymos / orgē → fury / wrath. Related but distinct terms; passion is an alternative contextual sense of thymos in Babylon’s wine imagery.
martyria / martys → testimony / witness. The context of death can convey martyrdom, without restricting every occurrence to a killing.
Hades / abyssos / limnē tou pyros → Hades / abyss / lake of fire. Different images and locations are not flattened into a single word hell.
pharmaka / pharmakeia / pharmakos → sorcerous potions / sorcery / sorcerer. Contextual magical vocabulary, not a general claim about medicine.
biblion / biblos → scroll / book. Scroll emphasizes the visible sealed or read object; book of life retains the familiar fixed expression.
choenix / denarius / stadion / pēchys / talanton → choenix / denarius / stadion / cubit / talent. Ancient measures and money are retained; no exact modern equivalents are asserted.
Material decisions
English was independently drafted from the complete actually accessed Greek running text, not by revising a modern English Bible.
Unusual grammar and number shifts are made intelligible where necessary and selectively documented, including 1:15, 11:8–9, 12:7–8, 13:10, 16:16, and 21:9.
Source-specific readings are retained, notably freed at 1:5; present reign at 5:10; eagle at 8:13; he stood at 12:18; passive killed at 13:10; King of the ages at 15:3; have fallen at 18:3; peoples at 21:3; washing robes at 22:14; tree of life at 22:19; and the short ending at 22:21.
Visionary comparisons and explicit explanations remain distinct. Unnamed riders, witnesses, kings, and symbols are not given modern identities or predicted dates.
Numbers and units are preserved in words in the running text. Source references use digits; all pericope headings are editorial.
Greek-only three-column presentation: verse, Greek–English Saints Priority, textual and reception notes. No Hebrew comparison column or five-class classification is fabricated.
Divine pronouns are capitalized when the referent is sufficiently clear; angelic speakers and hostile figures remain lower-case. The figure at 14:14 is understood as Christ, with that decision disclosed.
Patristic reception is selective and directly sourced. No unanimous interpretation, exhaustive apparatus review, or independent manuscript collation is claimed.
Open questions and remaining review
Qualified independent Greek review is required before this working draft is treated as a settled translation.
Review chalkolibanon and the irregular participle at 1:15, the numerical completion at 6:11, and the irregular subject/voice constructions at 11:1, 12:7, and 13:10.
Review attachment of from the foundation of the world at 13:8 in relation to the parallel at 17:8, and the faith-of-Jesus genitives.
Review the spirit-subject agreement at 16:16, cargo terminology at 18:12–13, and ancient mineral equivalents at 21:19–20.
The interpretations of the woman, witnesses, beast, thousand years, and new city remain distinct from the translation; the attributed reception records do not resolve all alternatives.
Version record
V1: First working translation of the declared scope under the updated Saints Translation reference.
source coverage: 405 of 405 actual Greek entries in exact source order, with 12:18 segmentation explained.
first editorial pass: Full source directly read before drafting; sentence boundaries, numbers, repeated phrases, source-specific readings and short ending checked.
independent review: Pending; no specialist sign-off claimed.
Review scope and source
Review date: Sep 11, 2026
All four hundred five selected SBLGNT Greek source units and their English clauses were reviewed, together with the existing notes. The contextual rendering Church or Churches replaces assembly or assemblies in twenty occurrences across nineteen verses; no other translated wording changed in this pass. The distinct source unit 12:18 remains before 13:1; there are no unfilled source verses. This remains a working translation awaiting qualified independent Greek review.
[G] Michael W. Holmes, editor, SBL Greek New Testament, official Faithlife Revelation file. The current retrieved file matched the declared source byte for byte. Textual notes below explain the selected main text and translation; they do not claim a fresh manuscript collation or a complete critical apparatus.
Every source unit has a textual note and an explicit reception result. An R-number points to the exact work and passage in the reception register. When a record treats several verses, it is a passage note, not a claim that the author separately comments on every verse. An unverified result means that no passage-specific source was established in this review; it does not mean that none exists.
Reception records distinguish exposition, explicit quotation, literary reuse, allusion and later application. The accessed commentary under Victorinus's name is a transmitted English form with later material; its positions are labeled Victorinus tradition and are not all assigned to an unrevised third-century original. Latin recensions and the full commentaries of Andrew of Caesarea and Oecumenius were not collated in this pass. No exhaustive history of interpretation or universal agreement is claimed.
Bunyan locators refer to Part One episodes and the numbered navigation sections in the accessed Gutenberg text; these numbers are not original chapter titles. Lewis page locators follow the identified printing reproduced by Gutenberg Canada. Brief reception paraphrases do not substitute for the authors' works.
Interpretation questions remain open, especially chalkolibanon at 1:15, the numerical completion at 6:11, irregular constructions at 11:1 and 12:7, the passive wording at 13:10, attachment at 13:8, faith-of-Jesus genitives, the subject at 16:16, cargo terms at 18:12–13, and mineral equivalents at 21:19–20. Reception does not settle these linguistic questions.
Reception register
R001 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the First Chapter, opening lemma 1. Scope: 1:1,1:3. Passage exposition. The opening blessing requires obedience: reading and hearing reach their purpose in action.
R002 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the First Chapter, lemma 4. Scope: 1:4. Exposition. The seven spirits are interpreted through Isaiah's sevenfold gifts of the Holy Spirit. This is an interpretation, not an expansion of the Greek noun.
R003 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the First Chapter, lemma 5. Scope: 1:5. Exposition. Christ's witness, blood and firstborn status are connected with His death and victory over death.
R004 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the First Chapter, lemma 6. Scope: 1:6. Exposition with apostolic cross-reference. The kingdom of priests is the Church of believers; the commentary explicitly adduces 1 Peter 2:9.
R005 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the First Chapter, lemma 7. Scope: 1:7. Exposition. The visible coming to judgment is contrasted with Christ's earlier hiddenness in assumed humanity.
R006 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the First Chapter, lemmas 12–13. Scope: 1:12–13. Passage exposition. Christ stands among the Churches after His victory over death; His long robe receives a priestly interpretation and His golden belt several spiritual interpretations.
R007 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the First Chapter, lemma 14. Scope: 1:14. Allegorical exposition. The whiteness is related to God and the community, while the fiery eyes represent precepts that illuminate believers and burn unbelievers.
R008 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the First Chapter, both lemmas 15. Scope: 1:15. Allegorical exposition. The feet signify apostles formed by suffering; the many waters suggest peoples or baptism carried to the nations.
R009 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the First Chapter, lemmas 16. Scope: 1:16. Allegorical exposition. The sunlight evokes Christ's incarnation, suffering and resurrection. The double-edged sword joins law and Gospel in the judgment spoken by the same Christ.
R010 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Second Chapter, lemma 2 and its continuation. Scope: 2:2–3. Passage exposition. The Church's labor and endurance are praised, while the ensuing warning prevents confidence in these gifts from replacing continuing faithfulness.
R011 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Second Chapter, lemmas 4–5. Scope: 2:4–5. Passage exposition. First love means the continuing practice of charity; removal of the lampstand is interpreted as the congregation's dispersal.
R012 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Second Chapter, lemma 6 and concluding tree-of-life promise. Scope: 2:6–7. Passage exposition. The commentary joins rejection of Nicolaitan practices to the promised tree of life. Its account of the sect is the commentator's historical claim, not independently established here.
R013 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Second Chapter, lemmas 9–11. Scope: 2:9–11. Passage exposition. Hidden riches counter poverty, and perseverance through death leads to deliverance from the second death. The commentary's surrounding anti-Jewish polemic is its own rhetoric, not a warrant to condemn Jewish people collectively.
R014 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Second Chapter, lemmas 14–16. Scope: 2:14–16. Passage exposition. Balaam's advice is applied to corrupting teaching tolerated within the Church; the sword is Christ's effective command against it.
R015 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Second Chapter, lemma 17. Scope: 2:17. Allegorical exposition. The manna means immortality, the white stone adoption as God's child, and the new name Christian.
R016 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Second Chapter, lemmas 24–26. Scope: 2:24–26. Passage exposition. The remaining burden is not observance of the Mosaic law; perseverance is joined to the saints' promised participation in judgment.
R017 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Second Chapter, lemma 28. Scope: 2:28. Exposition. The morning star is interpreted as the first resurrection, by comparison with the star preceding daylight.
R018 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Third Chapter, lemma 2. Scope: 3:2. Exposition. Wakefulness requires fruitful Christian deeds, beyond possessing the Christian name.
R019 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Third Chapter, lemmas 8 and 10. Scope: 3:8,3:10. Passage exposition. The faithful with little strength receive an open door; their humility and endurance are related to preservation in trial.
R020 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Third Chapter, lemma 12. Scope: 3:12. Exposition. The pillar promise signifies honor and stability in the Church for the one who perseveres.
R021 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Third Chapter, lemmas 15–18 and concluding throne promise. Scope: 3:15–16,3:18,3:21. Passage exposition. The rebuke concerns knowledge without deeds. Refined gold signifies trial, eye salve the practice of understood Scripture, and the throne the reward of perseverance.
R022 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fourth Chapter, lemma 1. Scope: 4:1. Exposition. The opened door is related to the New Testament and the way opened by Christ's ascension.
R023 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fourth Chapter, lemmas 2–3. Scope: 4:2–3. Passage exposition. The Spirit opens the faithful mind to the King and judgment; the stones and rainbow receive interpretations through the flood and judgment by fire.
R024 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fourth Chapter, discussion of the twenty-four elders. Scope: 4:4. Exposition. The elders can signify the Old Testament books or the patriarchs together with the apostles; the alternatives belong to the commentary's symbolism.
R025 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fourth Chapter, lemma 5. Scope: 4:5. Allegorical exposition. The lightning, voices and thunder proclaim divine revelation; the seven lamps are interpreted as the Holy Spirit's gifts.
R026 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fourth Chapter, lemmas 6–10 and six-wing discussion. Scope: 4:6–8. Passage exposition. The glass sea signifies baptism. The creatures portray the four Gospels and Christ's work; their wings associate prophetic testimony with the Gospel proclamation.
R027 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fourth Chapter, concluding praise and crown discussion. Scope: 4:9–10. Passage exposition. The elders' crowns submit all their victories to Christ's victory and acknowledge Him as their source.
R028 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fifth Chapter, lemmas 1–5. Scope: 5:1–5. Passage exposition. The sealed book is the Old Testament whose mystery Christ alone opens through victory over death; the lion and lamb join conquest with suffering.
R029 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fifth Chapter, lemmas 8–9. Scope: 5:8–9. Passage exposition. The new song is Christian confession of incarnation, resurrection and forgiveness; the instruments and bowls receive interpretations through Christ's flesh, passion and the saints' confession.
R030 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fifth Chapter, conclusion following lemmas 8–9. Scope: 5:11–13. Passage exposition. Angels and creation join in thanksgiving for the salvation made manifest through Christ.
R031 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Sixth Chapter, lemmas 1–2. Scope: 6:1–2. Passage exposition. The white horse is interpreted as preaching empowered by the Holy Spirit. The commentary's expanded summons differs from the selected Greek's simple Come.
R032 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Sixth Chapter, lemmas 3–4. Scope: 6:3–4. Passage exposition. The red horse represents wars and the taking away of peace.
R033 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Sixth Chapter, lemmas 5–6. Scope: 6:5–6. Passage exposition. The black horse signifies famine, the scales individual merits; wine and oil receive a spiritual application to those protected amid affliction.
R034 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Sixth Chapter, lemmas 7–8. Scope: 6:7–8. Passage exposition. The pale horse represents pestilence and death following the preceding afflictions.
R035 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Sixth Chapter, lemmas 9–11. Scope: 6:9–11. Passage exposition. The slain rest while awaiting judgment; their white robes are interpreted through the Spirit's gift before the completion of their vindication.
R036 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Sixth Chapter, lemmas 12–14. Scope: 6:12–14. Passage exposition. Darkened luminaries, falling stars and displaced land receive an interpretation through persecution, failing believers and the Church's removal from danger.
R037 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Seventh Chapter, lemma 2. Scope: 7:2. Exposition. The ascending angel is identified with Elijah's restoring ministry. The reading leaves the angel unnamed.
R038 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Seventh Chapter, lemma 9 and robe-washing discussion. Scope: 7:9,7:14. Passage exposition. The multitude's white robes are connected with baptism in the Lamb's blood and preservation of the received grace.
R039 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Eighth Chapter, lemma 1. Scope: 8:1. Exposition. The brief silence is treated as the beginning of rest, after which the vision resumes its narration.
R040 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Eighth Chapter, lemma 13. Scope: 8:13. Exposition of a differing received wording. The accessed commentary quotes an angel, where the selected Greek has an eagle, and relates the warning to the Spirit speaking through prophets before judgment.
R041 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Ninth Chapter, lemmas 13–14. Scope: 9:13–14. Passage exposition. The bound angels are associated with nations held within divinely imposed limits until their appointed release.
R042 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Tenth Chapter, lemmas 1–2. Scope: 10:1–2. Christological exposition. The mighty angel is identified with Christ, messenger of the Father, whose dominion extends over sea and land. That identification remains a reception claim.
R043 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Tenth Chapter, lemma 3 and prohibition-to-write discussion. Scope: 10:3–4. Passage exposition. The thunders signify the Spirit's prophetic voice; sealing distinguishes what John receives from what is to be disclosed to the Churches.
R044 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Tenth Chapter, lemma 10. Scope: 10:9–10. Passage exposition. Eating means committing the revelation to memory; sweetness is associated with proclamation and bitterness with the suffering of its messengers and adherents.
R045 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Tenth Chapter, lemma 11. Scope: 10:11. Exposition with historical tradition. Renewed prophecy is connected with John's release from Patmos and later delivery of the Apocalypse. That narrative is the commentary's tradition, not independent historical verification.
R046 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Eleventh Chapter, lemmas 1–2. Scope: 11:1–2. Passage exposition. Measuring the temple signifies the rule of faith confessed in Father, incarnate Son and Holy Spirit; the excluded court receives an ecclesial interpretation.
R047 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Eleventh Chapter, lemmas 3, 5 and 4. Scope: 11:3–5. Passage exposition. The witnesses are interpreted as Elijah and Jeremiah, while other identifications are mentioned. Their olive-tree imagery is expressly related to Zechariah; the Greek itself supplies neither prophet's name.
R048 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Eleventh Chapter, lemmas 7–8. Scope: 11:7–8. Passage exposition. The beast is associated with Antichrist and the witnesses' persecutor; the city is identified as Jerusalem. The latter identification is supported in the verse by the crucifixion clause.
R049 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Eleventh Chapter, lemma 19. Scope: 11:19. Christological exposition. The opened temple is interpreted through Christ's body in John 2, and the ark through Gospel proclamation, forgiveness and His gifts.
R050 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Twelfth Chapter, opening woman-and-child exposition. Scope: 12:1–2. Passage exposition. The woman is the ancient Church of fathers, prophets, saints and apostles awaiting Christ's incarnation; the sun expresses resurrection hope and the stars the ancestral community.
R051 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Twelfth Chapter, lemmas 3–4. Scope: 12:3–4. Passage exposition. The murderous dragon is related to Roman rulers. The fallen stars can mean seduced believers, but the commentary prefers fallen angels; it relates the threatened child to Christ's victory over death.
R052 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Twelfth Chapter, lemma 5. Scope: 12:5. Christological exposition. The child's being caught up to God's throne is connected expressly with Christ's ascension in Acts.
R053 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Twelfth Chapter, lemmas 6 and 14. Scope: 12:6,12:14. Passage exposition. The wilderness protects the Church, and the two wings are interpreted as Elijah and his prophetic companion assisting it in persecution.
R054 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Twelfth Chapter, lemmas 7–9. Scope: 12:7–9. Passage exposition. The heavenly battle is placed within the expected conflict involving Antichrist, with an explicit appeal to 2 Thessalonians 2. This is the commentary's sequence.
R055 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Twelfth Chapter, lemmas 15–16. Scope: 12:15–16. Passage exposition. The flood means persecuting peoples; the earth's intervention signifies judgment answering the Church's distress.
R056 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Thirteenth Chapter, lemmas 1–2. Scope: 13:1–2. Passage exposition. The beast represents Antichrist's mixed dominion, with bear-like leaders and a lion-like command bent on bloodshed.
R057 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Thirteenth Chapter, lemmas 11 and 13 and continuation. Scope: 13:11,13:13–17. Passage exposition. The second beast is the false prophet: deceptive signs promote the image and a coercive mark regulating commerce.
R058 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Thirteenth Chapter, lemma 18. Scope: 13:18. Numerical interpretation in transmitted commentary. The accessed form offers several names calculated as six hundred sixty-six. Its Genseric example prevents treating this entire passage as unrevised third-century Victorinus; no candidate is adopted as certain here.
R059 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fourteenth Chapter, lemmas 6 and 8. Scope: 14:6,14:8. Passage exposition. The proclaiming angels are identified with Elijah and his prophetic associate; these names are not supplied by Revelation's wording.
R060 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fourteenth Chapter, lemmas 15 and 19–20. Scope: 14:15,14:19–20. Passage exposition. Harvest and winepress are related to judgment at the Lord's coming. The commentary moves between the harvest and grape images; the translation preserves their separate wording.
R061 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Fifteenth Chapter, lemmas 1–2. Scope: 15:1–2. Passage exposition. Seven plagues signify completed judgment; standing on the glass sea is interpreted as steadfast baptismal faith expressed in confession.
R062 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Seventeenth Chapter, lemmas 1–6 and 3. Scope: 17:1–6. Passage exposition. The blood-drunk woman and beast are read through the persecuting Roman order, with Babylon and Sodom as prophetic images of corruption.
R063 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Seventeenth Chapter, lemmas 9–11 and 16. Scope: 17:9–11,17:16. Passage exposition. The hills signify Rome; the kings receive an imperial sequence and the beast an expected Nero-like return. These historical identifications remain the commentary's proposals, not settled translation facts.
R064 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Nineteenth Chapter, lemma 11. Scope: 19:11. Exposition. The rider is Christ coming to His kingdom with the heavenly army for judgment.
R065 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Twentieth Chapter, lemmas 1–6. Scope: 20:1–6. Passage exposition in transmitted recension. The accessed form reads the binding and first resurrection spiritually within the Church's present life. This anti-chiliastic form must not be treated as proof of Victorinus's unrevised original position.
R066 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Twentieth Chapter, lemmas 8–10. Scope: 20:8–10. Passage exposition in transmitted recension. The assault and lake of fire are related to the last judgment and the saints' everlasting life with the Lamb.
R067 — Commentary transmitted under Victorinus’s name. Commentary on the Apocalypse, From the Twenty-First and Twenty-Second Chapters, lemma 16 and following city exposition. Scope: 21:13,21:16,21:18–21,21:23,21:25,22:1–2. Passage exposition. The square city and stones signify steadfast saints, streets purified hearts, river spiritual teaching, and tree Christ giving life through the cross. Its gates signify apostolic teaching and its light the Creator's presence. This is a treatment of the combined city scene, not separate exposition of every listed verse.
R068 — Irenaeus. Against Heresies V.30.1–3. Scope: 13:18. Textual discussion and exposition. Irenaeus defends six hundred sixty-six, knows six hundred sixteen, and warns that several names fit the number; certainty about a personal identification is unwarranted.
R069 — Irenaeus. Against Heresies V.30.2. Scope: 7:5–8. Passage interpretation. Dan's absence from the sealed tribes is explained by an expected Antichrist from Dan. This is Irenaeus's inference, not a name supplied by Revelation.
R070 — Irenaeus. Against Heresies V.30.4. Scope: 17:8,19:20. Explicit quotation and application. The beast's return and destruction are applied to Antichrist, followed by the Lord's judgment and kingdom.
R071 — Irenaeus. Against Heresies V.30.1. Scope: 22:18–19. Explicit reuse. The warning about altering the book is invoked against reckless handling of the beast's number.
R072 — Irenaeus. Against Heresies V.35.2. Scope: 20:11–15,21:1–6. Extended quotation and exposition. Irenaeus sequences universal resurrection and judgment after the kingdom, then the renewed creation and descending city. He insists that resurrection and God's dwelling with humanity are real, opposing their reduction to an allegory of a different divine realm. The note concerns the quoted sequence as a whole.
R073 — Justin Martyr. Dialogue with Trypho 80–81, especially 81. Scope: 20:4–6. Passage interpretation. Justin relates John's prophecy to a future thousand-year life in Jerusalem and subsequent general resurrection and judgment. He acknowledges that other pious Christians disagree with his millennial expectation.
R074 — Augustine. City of God XX.7–10. Scope: 20:1–6. Passage exposition. Augustine reads the first resurrection as present spiritual renewal and the thousand years figuratively; believers living and departed already share Christ's reign. His interpretation differs from Justin's future Jerusalem expectation.
R075 — Augustine. City of God XX.9. Scope: 14:13. Explicit quotation. The blessed dead support his account of the Church's present communion and reign with Christ.
R076 — Augustine. City of God XX.11–12. Scope: 20:7–9. Passage exposition. Gog and Magog signify worldwide opposition to the Church; heavenly fire can signify the saints' divinely sustained firmness.
R077 — Augustine. City of God XX.14–15. Scope: 20:10–15. Passage exposition. The scene concerns bodily resurrection and judgment. The opened book represents divinely enabled recollection, and the book of life God's foreknowledge, not His need for information.
R078 — Augustine. City of God XX.16–17. Scope: 21:1–5. Passage exposition. New creation is renewal, not annihilation. The descending city's freedom from death and tears awaits the Church's final glory; the sea's precise future condition remains uncertain.
R079 — C. S. Lewis. The Problem of Pain, I, Introductory, p. 6 in the accessed 1946 printing. Scope: 1:17. Explicit reuse. John falling before the risen Christ exemplifies the awe Lewis distinguishes from ordinary fear of danger.
R080 — C. S. Lewis. The Problem of Pain, X, Heaven, pp. 137–138 in the accessed 1946 printing. Scope: 2:17. Explicit devotional interpretation. The white stone's secret name suggests each redeemed person's distinctive apprehension and praise of divine beauty; personal difference enriches heavenly communion.
R081 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, Christian's conversation with Pliable, sections 27–28. Scope: 3:4,4:4,7:17,14:1–5,21:4. Literary reuse of a combined scene. Christian's promised destination combines white garments, crowned elders, undefiled worshippers and an end to tears. The individual motifs are reused within a composite heavenly prospect.
R082 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, the Interpreter's judgment dream, sections 89–90. Scope: 6:15–16,20:11–14. Literary reuse of judgment motifs. The dream combines the opened judgment book, assembled dead, fiery punishment and people seeking refuge under mountains; it is an imaginative combination of passages.
R083 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, return to the sleeping arbor, section 107. Scope: 2:5. Allusion with scriptural reference in the accessed edition. Remembering the place of his fall deepens Christian's repentance over negligent sleep and the lost roll.
R084 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, Apollyon in the Valley of Humiliation, sections 141–143 (CCEL Fourth Stage). Scope: 9:11,13:2. Name and imagery reuse. Apollyon's name recalls Revelation's destroyer; his bear-like feet and lion-like mouth adapt the beast's imagery to Christian's adversary.
R085 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, Evangelist before Vanity Fair, section 212 (CCEL Sixth Stage). Scope: 3:11. Explicit reuse. Evangelist applies the command to retain one's crown as encouragement to persevere before coming trials.
R086 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, the pleasant river, section 276 (CCEL Seventh Stage). Scope: 22:1–2. Explicit literary reuse. John's life-giving river and healing trees refresh the pilgrims during their journey, alongside imagery from other biblical passages.
R087 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, rescue from the Flatterer's net, section 330 (CCEL Ninth Stage). Scope: 3:19. Explicit quotation and application. Corrective discipline after deception is accompanied by Christ's call to zeal and repentance.
R088 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, Hopeful's conversion account, section 351 (CCEL Ninth Stage, the Enchanted Ground). Scope: 1:5. Explicit quotation of a differing received wording. Hopeful recalls the washing-in-blood wording as assurance of salvation. The selected Greek here reads freed, so the literary quotation is not used to replace it.
R089 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, ascent with the Shining Ones, section 395 (CCEL Tenth Stage). Scope: 2:7,3:4,21:4–5. Explicit literary reuse. The promised tree, white robes and end of sorrow describe the pilgrims' approaching heavenly life.
R090 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, heavenly host's welcome, section 396 (CCEL Tenth Stage). Scope: 19:9. Explicit quotation. The marriage-supper blessing welcomes Christian and Hopeful at their final arrival.
R091 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, golden gate inscription, section 398 (CCEL Tenth Stage). Scope: 22:14. Explicit quotation of a differing received wording. The gate bears the commandment-doing wording; the selected Greek instead blesses those washing their robes. Bunyan's reception preserves the distinction between these textual forms.
R092 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, entrance song, section 400 (CCEL Tenth Stage). Scope: 5:13. Explicit quotation. The pilgrims' final song gives praise to the throne's occupant and the Lamb.
R093 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, the narrator's view into the city, section 401 (CCEL Tenth Stage). Scope: 21:21,21:23. Literary imagery reuse. Golden streets and dazzling light shape the narrator's glimpse of the celestial city.
R094 — John Bunyan. The Pilgrim's Progress, Part One, heavenly worship and closing gates, section 402 (CCEL Tenth Stage). Scope: 4:8,21:25. Explicit worship reuse and narrative adaptation. The unceasing holy acclamation is reused directly. Bunyan then closes the gates for his narrative scene, a departure from Revelation's unclosed gates rather than an exposition of that detail.
Collation against Nestle–Aland 28
On 13 September 2026 every verse of this book where the SBLGNT and NA28 differ was identified from the edition marks of Tyndale House's Translators Amalgamated Greek New Testament (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0) and the SBLGNT apparatus, and the rendering above was read at each one. 33 verses differ; 12 of them would read differently in English if NA28 were translated instead of the SBLGNT, and each of those carries a note above beginning "NA28". The collation is against TAGNT's edition marks and the SBLGNT apparatus; a printed NA28 apparatus has not been consulted, and NA28's square brackets are inferred, not recorded.
At 1 place the rendering follows a reading other than the SBLGNT it declares: 14:18 (NA28). Each is marked in its note.