Exodus 31 — Hebrew and Greek compared
Each card keeps the independently rendered source readings above their shared comparison and reception notes. The badge records the source’s governing classification; disparate readings are marked in red. Each reading retains its original reference.
Exodus 31
The Appointment of Artisans
Verse 31:1 Same
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:1 YHWH spoke to Moses, saying,
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:1 The Lord spoke to Moses, saying,
Classification & Notes
Same
Verse 31:2 Same
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:2 “See, I have called by name Bezalel son of Uri, son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:2 “See, I have called by name Bezalel son of Uri, son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah.
Classification & Notes
Same — Familiar names identify the same people despite Greek spelling differences.
Verse 31:3 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:3 I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with wisdom, understanding, knowledge, and every kind of craftsmanship,
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:3 I have filled him with a divine Spirit of wisdom, understanding, and knowledge in every kind of work,
Classification & Notes
Similar — Hebrew Spirit of God corresponds to RH divine Spirit. Capitalization marks clear divine agency under the translation convention; the grammar does not settle later doctrinal formulations.
Verse 31:4 Divergent
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:4 to devise designs and work in gold, silver, and bronze,
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:4 to plan and design, to work in gold, silver, bronze, blue, purple, spun scarlet yarn, and spun fine linen,
Classification & Notes
Divergent — The consulted Greek includes the colored textiles here. [G31]
Verse 31:5 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:5 to cut stones for setting, to carve wood, and to work in every craft.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:5 to work in stone and the woodworking crafts, and to perform every kind of work.
Classification & Notes
Similar
Verse 31:6 Different
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:6 I have appointed with him Oholiab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan. I have put wisdom into the heart of every skilled person, so that they may make everything I commanded you:
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:6 I have appointed him and Eliab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan. I have given understanding to everyone discerning in heart, so that they may make everything I commanded you:
Classification & Notes
Different — Greek calls the second craftsman Eliab, corresponding to Hebrew Oholiab; that name difference is retained throughout this installment. [G31]
Verse 31:7 Different
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:7 the Tent of Meeting, the ark of the testimony, the cover upon it, and all the tent’s furnishings,
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:7 the Tent of Testimony, the ark of the covenant, the propitiatory cover upon it, and the tent’s furnishings,
Classification & Notes
Different — Greek calls the ark’s contents covenant here; the corresponding sanctuary terms differ.
Verse 31:8 Divergent
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:8 the table and its utensils, the pure lampstand and all its utensils, and the incense altar,
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:8 the altars, the table and all its utensils, and the pure lampstand and all its utensils,
Classification & Notes
Divergent — Greek groups the altars at the beginning of this verse. [G31]
Verse 31:9 Divergent
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:9 the altar of burnt offering and all its utensils, and the basin and its base,
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:9 the basin and its base,
Classification & Notes
Divergent — The consulted Greek lacks a second altar clause here; the altars were grouped in verse 8. [G31]
Verse 31:10 Divergent
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:10 the service garments, the holy garments for Aaron the priest, and his sons’ garments for priestly service,
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:10 Aaron’s ministering robes and his sons’ robes for priestly service to Me,
Classification & Notes
Divergent — Greek abbreviates the garment list and explicitly adds “to Me.”
Verse 31:11 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:11 the anointing oil and the fragrant incense for the sanctuary. They shall make them according to everything I commanded you.”
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:11 the anointing oil and the compounded incense for the sanctuary. They shall make them according to everything I commanded you.”
Classification & Notes
Similar
The Reminder of the Sabbath Law
Verse 31:12 Same
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:12 YHWH spoke to Moses, saying,
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:12 The Lord spoke to Moses, saying,
Classification & Notes
Same
Verse 31:13 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:13 “Tell the sons of Israel: ‘You must keep My Sabbaths, for they are a sign between Me and you throughout your generations, so that you may know that I am YHWH who sanctifies you.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:13 “Command the sons of Israel: ‘See that you keep My Sabbaths, for they are a sign with Me and among you throughout your generations, so that you may know that I am the Lord who sanctifies you.
Classification & Notes
Similar
Verse 31:14 Different
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:14 Keep the Sabbath, for it is holy to you. Whoever profanes it shall surely be put to death. Whoever works on it shall be cut off from among his people.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:14 Keep the Sabbaths, for this is holy to the Lord for you. Whoever profanes it shall surely be put to death. Whoever works on it shall be destroyed from among his people.
Classification & Notes
Different — Greek adds “to the Lord” and uses destruction language for being cut off.
Verse 31:15 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:15 For six days work may be done, but the seventh day is a Sabbath of complete rest, holy to YHWH. Whoever works on the Sabbath day shall surely be put to death.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:15 For six days you shall work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath, a holy rest to the Lord. Whoever works on the seventh day shall surely be put to death.
Classification & Notes
Similar
Verse 31:16 Similar
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:16 The sons of Israel shall keep the Sabbath, observing it throughout their generations as an everlasting covenant.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:16 The sons of Israel shall keep the Sabbaths, observing them throughout their generations: an everlasting covenant.
Classification & Notes
Similar — Both conclude the Sabbath-observance command with an everlasting covenant. RH begins the identification of the sign in 31:17.
Verse 31:17 Different
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:17 It is a sign between Me and the sons of Israel forever, for in six days YHWH made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day He ceased and was refreshed.’”
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:17 It is an everlasting sign between Me and the sons of Israel, for in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day He rested and ceased.’”
Classification & Notes
Different — Hebrew says “was refreshed”; Greek repeats rest/cessation language. [G31]
The Conclusion of the Sinai Discourse
Verse 31:18 Same
Hebrew–English: Literal-Smooth (Rabbinic Priority)
31:18 When He finished speaking with Moses on Mount Sinai, He gave him the two tablets of the testimony, stone tablets written with the finger of God.
Greek–English: Literal-Smooth (Saints Priority)
G 31:18 When He finished speaking with Moses on Mount Sinai, He gave him the two tablets of the testimony, stone tablets written with the finger of God.
Classification & Notes
Same