Ezekiel — Hebrew and Greek compared
Choose a chapter to explore the source readings and their notes. Original references, source labels, and review records are retained.
Source guide and review record
Saints Translation
Ezekiel
Complete working translation draft, V2. Prepared and sources accessed: Sep 13, 2026.
Complete working translation, V1: all forty-eight chapters, 1,273 Hebrew verses and 1,267 actual Greek verse labels, in 1,273 aligned rows. Direct ancient-source reading, progressive producer review, an eight-row second-agent review, and selective reception checks are complete. Qualified independent human scholarly review, manuscript/apparatus collation and comprehensive reception research remain outstanding. Greek chapter 41 uses the explicitly identified Rahlfs 1935 transcription exception.
Texts and reading guide
Saints Translation V1 — independent paired English from BHS (1997 publisher presentation) and Rahlfs–Hanhart Septuaginta (2006 publisher presentation), with the explicit Greek chapter 41 exception: Rahlfs 1935 as transcribed by Greek Wikisource.
The Hebrew and Greek columns are independent translations. Rabbinic Priority and Saints Priority name interpretive traditions; later reception does not replace source wording. Selective reception is attributed in the notes and source register.
Greek chapter 41 alone uses the explicitly identified Rahlfs 1935 Greek Wikisource transcription, fixed revision 157850. The inaccessible Rahlfs–Hanhart 2006 chapter was not reconstructed.
Comparison guide
Same: Corresponding meaning and content, allowing ordinary differences between languages.
Similar: The essentials agree, with a modest difference in expression or emphasis.
Different: A meaningful difference in a detail, action, image, or emphasis.
Divergent: Added, omitted, or substantially rearranged material governs the comparison.
Disparate: A major difference in meaning or consequence; strict contradiction is not required.
Category totals count comparison rows: Different 511; Disparate 107; Divergent 90; Same 235; Similar 330.
Each translation cell shows its actual source reference. Hebrew navigation governs the order. Greek chapter seven is aligned by subject, and six Greek labels are absent; the full numbering guide follows the translation.
Numbering and source coverage
Navigation follows displayed BHS chapter and verse numbers, with actual Greek references beside each aligned unit. Greek chapter 1 has no numbered 1:14. No Greek text is reconstructed for that absence. Chapter 7 is aligned by corresponding subject in BHS order. BHS 7:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 correspond to LXX 7:1,2,7,8,9,3,4,5,6 respectively; verses 7:10–27 align by matching label. This reorders the displayed Greek sequence for comparison without duplicating any Greek verse. Greek 7:3 continues into 7:4; its 7:9 formula precedes 7:10 in its own source. Greek 10:14 is absent from the displayed main text; its Hebrew face list remains in a row with no Greek counterpart. Both publisher chapter-twenty texts end at 20:44. Greek 20:31 includes the rising-upon-your-spirit clause corresponding to the opening of Hebrew 20:32; each actual source verse is retained once. Both publisher chapter-twenty-one texts include thirty-seven verses, beginning with the forest oracle. Greek 21:26 includes at his right, corresponding to the opening of Hebrew 21:27; Greek 21:24 ends with the beginning of its next verse’s road phrase. Greek 27:31 has no printed verse in the declared source; its paired Greek cell is blank. Greek 28:9–10 and 29:14–15 have clause continuations across source verse boundaries, preserved without duplication. Greek 32:19 has no printed label; related question/command material appears in Greek 32:21. Greek 32:22 includes material corresponding to Hebrew 32:23, and Greek 32:25 is a brief continuation of 32:24. Actual labels and complete clauses are kept once. Greek 33:25 preserves only the introductory formula, 33:26 has no printed label, and 33:27 continues the speech. Hebrew’s additional accusations remain solely in the Hebrew column. Greek 40:30 has no printed verse. Greek 40:7–9 distributes a differing chamber/porch sequence, and 40:38–39 has a gate/drain continuation; each source’s own complete units are retained. Greek 41:15–16, 41:21–22, 41:25–26, 42:9–12, 43:10–12 and 43:25–26 also contain clauses continuing across verse labels; each actual source unit is retained once. The complete comparison contains 1,273 Hebrew verses, 1,267 actual Greek verse labels and 1,273 rows. Blank Greek counterparts occur at 1:14, 10:14, 27:31, 32:19, 33:26 and 40:30; a missing label does not by itself establish that every related clause is absent elsewhere.
Selected terms
חשמל / ἤλεκτρον — ḥashmal / electrum
1:4,27: retain Hebrew’s uncertain luminous substance; Greek’s conventional electrum rendering does not establish exact material identity.
רוח החיה / πνεῦμα ζωῆς — spirit of the living creature / spirit of life
1:20–21: preserve grammatical designations independently and avoid capitalization that settles identity.
שדי — Shaddai
1:24: preserve the Hebrew title; Greek lacks this comparison.
בן אדם / υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου — son of man
Address to Ezekiel, beginning 2:1; keep ordinary contextual human address distinct from later Christian interpretations.
מרי / παραπικραίνω — rebellion, rebellious / embitter, embittering
Chapters 2–3: retain Greek’s provocation/embittering verb instead of mechanically replacing it with Hebrew rebellion.
נפש / ψυχή — life
3:19–21: threatened death and personal rescue make life the contextual sense; do not force a later body/soul distinction.
אדני יהוה / κύριος — Lord YHWH / Lord
2:4;3:11,27: Hebrew has both title and name; Greek has Lord alone.
שקל / σίκλος; הין / ιν — shekel; hin
4:10–11: actual shared ancient weight and capacity names, used for food and water; no currency or modern conversion.
דבר / θάνατος — pestilence / death
5:12,17: preserve Greek’s death designation while noting the corresponding Hebrew disease disaster.
נשברתי / ὀμώμοκα — I was broken / I have sworn
6:9: preserve materially differing divine predicates without emendation.
צפירה — doom
7:7,10: uncertain rare term, rendered by judgment context; no lexical certainty claimed.
קפדה / ἐξιλασμός — anguish / propitiation
7:25: retain the striking Greek nominal and singular verb, with no substitution of Hebrew calamity.
תו / σημεῖον — mark / sign
9:4,6: Hebrew’s mark verb/noun share taw; Greek says sign. Neither running text specifies the mark’s shape; any later cross interpretation belongs only in separately sourced reception.
גלגל / Γελγελ — wheelwork / Gelgel
10:13: Hebrew common designation contrasts with the Greek transliterated name; earlier Greek trochoi remains wheels.
תפל — unsound plaster
13:10–15: describes the failed wall coating; exact material is uncertain, while Greek gives coating without a corresponding material adjective.
כסתות / προσκεφάλαια; מספחות / ἐπιβόλαια — cushions; coverings
13:18–21: retain material objects named by the texts without supplying an unverified magical technique.
גלולים / διανοήματα, ἐνθυμήματα — idols / thoughts, reflections
14:3–7: preserve the differing concrete cult object and mental terminology.
דנאל / Δανιηλ — Danel / Daniel
14:14,20: retain the displayed Hebrew consonantal form and Greek designation without settling which traditional figure the Hebrew names.
תחש / ὑάκινθος; משי / τρίχαπτον — taḥash hide / blue-purple; fine fabric / hair-woven cloth
16:10,13: preserve different clothing materials and lexical uncertainty.
נחשת / χαλκός — copper
16:36: shared metal word retained where the metaphor’s exact force remains uncertain.
כפר / ἐξιλάσκομαι — make atonement / be propitious
16:63: render the actual Hebrew verb and Greek middle construction with the personal dative, without imposing a systematic theological explanation.
צבי / κηρίον — splendor / honeycomb
20:6,15: preserve the Greek honeycomb comparison, not Hebrew’s land splendor.
במה / Αβαμα — high place, Bamah / Abama
20:29: Hebrew lexical name and Greek transliteration remain distinct.
חרב / ἐγχειρίδιον, ῥομφαία — sword / dagger, sword
21:8–10: Greek specifically uses encheiridion, dagger; from 21:14 its rhomphaia is sword.
עוה / ἀδικία — ruin / injustice
21:32: preserve Hebrew’s threefold and Greek’s twofold repetition, with their actual differing nouns.
40–48 architecture: Greek ailam / ailammo / aileu; thee / theim / thaiēlatha — porch / porches / jambs; chamber(s)
Provisional English glosses for the declared Greek text’s transliterated architectural terms. They are not a claim that all structures, quantities or positions match Hebrew; differences are recorded in each row.
40:5 long cubit and measuring reed — a cubit and a handbreadth; a reed of six such cubits
The source unit definition is preserved. No modern metric/imperial conversion or reconciled building plan is imposed.
Greek hilastērion in Ezekiel 43:14,17,20 — place of atonement
Names an altar feature in this context, corresponding to a Hebrew ledge. No ark-cover interpretation is inserted.
Hebrew har’el / ’ari’el; Greek ariēl in Ezekiel 43:15–16 — altar hearth / hearth; Ariel
Hebrew architectural hearth rendering is contextual; Greek retains the loanword Ariel. Greek 43:15's one-cubit dimension above the horns is not replaced by Hebrew's four horns.
Hebrew 'fill its hand'; Greek 'fill their hands' (43:26) — fill its hand / fill their hands
Consecration idiom retained, preserving the altar-directed Hebrew suffix and plural human-directed Greek suffix.
Greek choinix, gomor, oiphi, koros, kotylē (45:10–14) — choenix, gomor, oiphi, kor, cotyle
Measure names retained with the equivalences actually stated here; no classical Greek or modern metric sizes imposed.
Greek pemma and mana’a (45:24–25) — cake; grain offering
Pemma names a prepared cake rather than Hebrew's ephah measure. Mana’a is treated as the offering loanword in context.
Greek hydōr apheseōs (47:3) — water of release
Actual Greek phrase retained rather than Hebrew ankle-depth. Reception may interpret the image, but the body does not impose a baptismal referent.
Greek prosēlytoi (47:22–23) — sojourners
Context concerns residents and inheritance. No later conversion procedure is inserted.
Greek thrael (41:8) — thrael
Uncertain form in the Rahlfs 1935 transcription, retained without pretending its architectural sense is established.
Hebrew ’atsilah (41:8) — to the joint
Provisional rendering of the final dimension-related term; no confident architectural reconstruction claimed.
Editorial decisions
Translate each source independently from the directly read ancient running text before comparison; preserve substantive differences in names, images, grammatical agency and quantities.
Use YHWH for the Hebrew divine name, Lord for Greek kyrios when divine, and retain other titles actually present. Capitalize only clear divine pronouns.
Use recognizable names where identity is clear; preserve substantive alternative forms. Greek Ioakim at 1:2 is retained as Jehoiakim against Hebrew Jehoiachin, without assuming identical written names.
4:4–6,9: Preserve Hebrew three hundred ninety days versus Greek one hundred fifty in 4:4 and one hundred ninety in 4:5,9; forty days for Judah appears in both. Do not regularize the Greek sequence.
5:2,12: Preserve thirds in Hebrew and quarters in Greek, including the Greek second burning clause in 5:2 and different disaster order in 5:12.
7:1–9: Align by subject with the explicit BHS/LXX crosswalk; preserve all twenty-seven units of each source once, including the short Greek 7:3 and 7:9.
8:1,16: Preserve the sixth month and about twenty-five men in Hebrew against the fifth month and about twenty men in Greek.
9:2–3,11: Preserve linen clothing and a scribe’s case in Hebrew against a full-length robe and sapphire belt in Greek. Do not supply writing equipment to the Greek.
10:14,21: Preserve the absent Greek face-list verse and the explicit Greek eight wings against Hebrew four; no harmonization to chapter one.
11:11: Preserve Hebrew’s affirmative second meat clause and Greek’s separately emphatic negative; do not supply a repeated Hebrew negative.
11:19: Preserve Hebrew one heart and within you against Greek another heart and within them.
12:6–7,12: Preserve active carrying in Hebrew against passive being carried in Greek; preserve the Greek additional avoidance of being seen.
14:9: Retain explicit divine deception/misdirection in both columns; do not replace it with passive permission.
15:4: Preserve Hebrew’s two ends and charred middle against Greek’s annual pruning.
16:4–8: Preserve Greek unbound breasts, My eye, a single life declaration, cities of cities and season of those lodging against the different Hebrew birth and maturation imagery.
16:28–34: Preserve Greek Assyrian daughters, covenants, a daughter question, threefold prostitution and affirmative paid-prostitute comparison; no missing Hebrew or Greek negatives are supplied.
16:49,54,61: Preserve Greek wine, provoking Me and for building up against Hebrew careless ease, comforting them and as daughters.
17:3–7: Preserve Greek talons, authority and fortified city against Hebrew feathers, variegation and commercial city.
17:12–16,20: Preserve Greek future royal action, My oath/covenant and his enclosure, with the missing Babylon-judgment clause; do not conform to Hebrew.
17:22–23: Preserve Greek suspend it, resting beasts and restored branches; any Christological reception must be separately sourced.
18:4,20: Nephesh/psychē is rendered life when possessed and person as the sinning subject; do not impose a later body/soul partition.
18:19,21: Preserve Greek righteousness and mercy against Hebrew justice and righteousness; 18:27 returns to the corresponding judgment/righteousness pair.
18:24,32: Preserve absent Greek will-he-live question and absent final turn-back-and-live command.
19:2,7,10–14: Preserve Greek cub, bold feeding, pomegranate blossom, tribe, active saw and concluding parable; preserve Hebrew lioness, widows, blood and ruling scepter without emendation.
20:5–6,13: Preserve Greek supporting by hand, honeycomb and explicit walk command against Hebrew raised hand, splendor and rebellion.
20:25–26,31: Retain God’s giving non-good statutes in both; preserve Greek future defilement and first-person passing-through, absent recognition clause, and firstfruits/separations in 20:31 against Hebrew sons passing through fire.
20:37,39,44: Preserve Greek by number, remove practices and the scope of not-profane-My-name against Hebrew covenant bond, serve idols and not-deal-according-to-conduct.
21:3,8–9: Preserve Hebrew south-to-north and righteous/wicked against Greek east-to-north and unjust/lawless.
21:14–21: Preserve Greek command forms, anger, tribe, the third sword and striking the hand against the distinct Hebrew polishing, rod, doubling and thigh expressions.
21:31–32,35: Preserve Greek putting on the crown, twice injustice and no-lodging command against Hebrew removing the crown, thrice ruin and return-to-sheath.
Preserve Greek chapter27 verse31 absence and Greek28:9–10/29:14–15 verse-boundary continuations without duplicated words.
Keep major contrasting identities/agents: Hebrew28:14/16 addressee as covering cherub versus Greek addressee with and expelled by the cherub; no Satan/Adam identification inserted.
Keep Hebrew29:3 I made myself and Greek I made them; retain different29:1 dates and27:26 wind directions.
Names of cities, commodities, minerals, and trees remain tradition-specific; uncertain technical vocabulary is explicitly qualified in row notes.
Chapters 26–30 were independently translated by the collaborating root agent from the registered actual BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart running texts, then merged once into this master. Full second-pass specialist review is not claimed.
38:2–3: Hebrew rosh is rendered chief in the title; Greek Rhos remains a proper name. No ancient name is equated with a modern nation in the translation.
Self-review: 32:8 Greek’s shining lights are read as the subject of growing dark, rather than inventing an unnamed external darkening agent; 37:7 neuter-plural bones are read with the singular Greek verb, each approaching its joint, rather than inserting God as an unstated agent.
Ezekiel 42 retains Hebrew reeds versus Greek cubits, the opposite south/west sequence in verses 18–19, Hebrew one-cubit way versus Greek hundred-cubit walkway in verse 4, and Greek five chambers and Zadokite specification.
Ezekiel 43 preserves Hebrew 'I came to destroy the city' versus Greek 'I was entering to anoint the city' (verse 3), God's dwelling versus His name's dwelling (7), corpses of kings versus murders of rulers (7,9), Hebrew one goat versus Greek two (22), and the differing consecration suffixes (26).
Ezekiel 44 retains the Lord's past entry in Hebrew versus future entry in Greek (2), Hebrew failure-to-keep negative absent from Greek (8), I appoint versus they assign (14), sweat versus tight girding (18), Hebrew trimming versus Greek covering heads (20), and Greek's explicit blood case (24).
Ezekiel 45 preserves the ten-thousand/twenty-thousand breadth (1), twenty chambers/cities (5), Hebrew sixty-shekel total/Greek fifty-shekel mina (12), differing oil proportions (14), one sheep per two hundred/per ten (15), seventh day/first day of seventh month (20), and ephah/cake (24).
Ezekiel 46 retains ephah/cake offering differences, Hebrew final plural exit verb versus Greek singular (10), the Greek ruler's opening for himself (12), and the differing subjects of daily preparation (13–15).
Ezekiel 47 preserves Hebrew ankle-deep/Greek water of release (3), knees/thighs (4), the prophet's/man’s crossing, district/Arabah versus Galilee/Arabia (8), monthly leaves-and-fruit versus newness-and-growth (12), Joseph versus an addition of measured portion (13), and the differing boundary names and sojourner construction (15–23).
Ezekiel 48 retains Hebrew ten-thousand/Greek twenty-five-thousand breadth (9), sanctuary of YHWH/mountain of holy places (10), final ten-thousand/twenty-thousand breadth (13), common use/forewall (15), singular prince/plural rulers (22), and Hebrew's YHWH Is There versus Greek's repeated name statement with no supplied divine name (35).
Clearly identical tribal names in Ezekiel 48 are normalized across columns: Greek Dan, Asēr, Nephthalim/Nephthali, Manassē, Ephraim, Roubēn, Iouda, Beniamin, Symeōn, Issachar, Zaboulōn, Gad, Iōsēph, and Leui are rendered Dan, Asher, Naphtali, Manasseh, Ephraim, Reuben, Judah, Benjamin, Simeon, Issachar, Zebulun, Gad, Joseph, and Levi. Differing boundary names remain distinct.
Greek Ezekiel 41 alone uses the explicitly identified Rahlfs 1935 Wikisource transcription after repeated ordinary 2006 publisher retrieval failures. All twenty-six actual Greek units were read and translated independently; the change of source is declared in the edition, register, chapter note, and first verse note.
Ezekiel 41 retains Hebrew twenty/Greek forty cubits (4), both unusual chamber-count phrases (6), Hebrew foundations/Greek thrael (8), closed windows/opening lattice windows (16), and the differing altar breadth, corners/horns, and length/base terms (22).
Selective reception notes are attributed to exact primary works and passages read through the identified English translations. They are interpretive reception, not evidence of a textual variant. Sanhedrin's differing readings are represented without imposing consensus.
Final bounded review: 43:3 (destroy/anoint), 44:20 (trim/cover) and 45:14 (unequal levy proportions) are classified Disparate for material changed action or requirement; 47:9 is Different for its healing/living syntax. Categories were revised from the demonstrated wording, without a numerical quota.
47:9: Removed the interpretive phrase life shall follow; retained finite become healthy and live with an explicitly uncertain subject. 42:16: Five hundred has separately documented written/read support in Mechon Mamre [H2], while BHS apparatus access remains unclaimed. 48:16: The duplicated five is also visible in [H3]; its origin is not asserted.
Open questions and review limits
Qualified independent Hebrew/Greek scholarly review, book-specific critical apparatus and manuscript collation, and comprehensive reception research remain outstanding.
1:8: The publisher’s written hand-form is rendered singular provisionally; a printed BHS written/read and apparatus check remains outstanding.
1:15,18,23,27: four faces, rims/backs, repeated wing-covering syntax and enclosed-fire imagery retain difficult displayed wording; qualified lexical/syntactic review remains outstanding.
3:6: Hebrew im-lo permits difficult oath-like or counterfactual analysis; the present emphatic counterfactual rendering remains subject to independent syntax review.
3:15: The displayed Hebrew wa-esher construction is retained as and where; no unverified written/read substitution is adopted. Greek aloft and movement around the exiles remain distinct.
4:4–6: The relation between Greek one hundred fifty, one hundred ninety, two injustices and forty days needs independent textual study; all displayed figures are preserved.
5:6–7: Greek command to speak ordinances and among/from syntax, and Hebrew hamonkhem, remain difficult; no eclectic repair is adopted.
6:9: Hebrew niphal I was broken followed by object-marked phrases remains difficult; Greek I have sworn is a distinct reading, not a basis for repairing Hebrew.
6:14: Diblah/Deblatha geography and the relation of wilderness to dwelling places need further lexical and geographical review; no Riblah emendation adopted.
7:11,13,20,22,23,25: Rare Hebrew abundance/eminence terms, Greek eye-of-life, ornament agents, oversight, confused mixture and propitiation-seeking-peace remain explicit interpretive questions; no unverified apparatus repair.
8:3: Greek stēlē tou ktōmenou, the pillar of the one acquiring, remains obscure; no jealousy reading is substituted.
8:6: Hebrew’s withdrawal infinitive has an unstated subject; retain its syntax without supplying a divine object.
8:17: The branch toward their nose is retained from displayed Hebrew; its precise gesture is not resolved here.
11:3: Hebrew’s negative near and infinitival building-of-houses phrase remain uncertain; no completed-house question is imported from Greek.
11:7: Hebrew hotsi is a terse bringing-out form; the English avoids an added first-person agent, while Greek’s I will bring out is explicit.
11:16: Little sanctuary preserves the source’s smallness term without resolving limited duration versus extent.
13:5: Greek’s gathered-flocks clause and its relationship to the preceding negative remain syntactically difficult; retain the distinct image and explicit clauses.
13:10–11: Greek if it will fall and stones into their bonds remain difficult displayed expressions, not emended from Hebrew.
13:18: Displayed Hebrew yaday is provisionally rendered My hands; consult the printed BHS text and apparatus before publication rather than silently substituting hands.
13:18–20: The precise ancient cushions/coverings practice and Hebrew flying-things expression remain uncertain; no ritual reconstruction is asserted.
14:4: Hebrew’s through-it pronoun remains obscure and is retained, rather than replaced with Greek’s entangled-mind clause.
14:5: Greek’s third-person turning-aside clause leaves its subject unexpressed; no first-person divine verb is supplied.
14:14,20: Danel’s historical identity is not established by this translation; compare the received Daniel tradition only in verified reception.
16:7–8: Greek cities of cities and season of those lodging remain obscure; no Hebrew adornment/love readings are substituted.
16:10: Hebrew taḥash and meshi have uncertain material identities; no zoological identification or certainty of silk is asserted.
16:15–16: Both sources have difficult final clauses with differing referents and negatives; retain the displayed forms for expert review.
16:29: Hebrew kenaʿan is provisionally rendered land of merchants with Chaldea; the precise geographical/commercial construction warrants review.
16:36: The copper metaphor is retained in both sources; no confident bodily-fluid or monetary interpretation is asserted.
16:43,47,53,56–57: The rhetorical negative, brief temporal phrase, fortunes/captivity construction and Greek suspended conditional remain points for qualified review.
17:6: Greek apōryges is provisionally rendered offshoots in the vine context; exact horticultural nuance warrants lexical review.
17:22: Greek top of their heart and suspend it remain unusual expressions; retain rather than emend them.
18:10: Hebrew ʾaḥ is provisionally interpreted as brother, with the harmful action directed toward him; the terse construction warrants qualified review.
19:7: Hebrew knew his widows is retained; no conjectural palaces reading is substituted.
19:10–11: Hebrew in your blood and Greek active saw-her-size have uncertain interpretation and referents; preserve the displayed text for qualified review.
20:26: Greek’s explicit first-person passing through every womb-opener is retained; its precise sense requires qualified review without importing Hebrew agency.
20:31,40: Greek aphorismoi, separations, may designate set-apart offerings; its relation to Hebrew’s differing clauses is not assumed.
20:39: Both sources’ following if-not-listening construction remains difficult; the main commands are opposite and must not be harmonized.
21:2: Greek leading forest, Nageb, is retained; its precise designation is unresolved.
21:15,18,20–21: Several compressed Hebrew sword-song expressions remain uncertain, including My son’s rod, despising, sword-slaughter and directional commands; no conjectural source wording is inserted.
21:28,30: The Hebrew sworn-oaths construction and ḥalal, provisionally slain, require qualified review; Greek’s differing expressions remain independent.
22:16: Hebrew weniḥalt is provisionally understood as you will be profaned; its morphology and relationship to Greek I will take possession need specialist review. No emendation or apparatus claim is made.
22:30: Greek wholly before Me at the land’s time is retained provisionally; its unusual temporal construction is not replaced with Hebrew breach/intercession imagery.
23:15,23: Greek trissē/trissoi, provisionally threefold appearance/threefold men, needs lexical and rank-context review; Hebrew officer language has not been imported.
23:24: Hebrew hotsen is provisionally armament; Greek independently reads from the north.
23:43: The displayed Hebrew verbal form after now and the final and-she fragment remain syntactically difficult. The provisional English uses an unspecified passive agent, without claiming a reconstructed reading.
24:12: Hebrew’s rare toil expression is provisionally she has exhausted herself with toil; syntax requires specialist review.
24:16–17: Greek’s passive klausthēs and the groaning of blood/loins/mourning phrase are translated as displayed. Negative hair-and-footwear wording in 24:17 is not conformed to the positive footwear in 24:23.
Specialist review is required for Hebrew26:9 battering engine;27:6 deck/ivory/boxwood;27:16 gems;27:17 pannag;27:19 place-name segmentation;27:20 riding cloths;27:24 chests/cords/cedar;27:25 sharotayikh;27:28 migrashot;27:32 silenced;28:12 seal phrase;28:13 tambourines/pipes versus settings/sockets;28:14 mimshach;29:3 suffix;29:7 standing loins and hand suffix;30:16 enemies by day and30:18 darkening form.
Greek26:11 support of strength;27:4 Beelim;27:9 west of wests;27:16 elliptical commodity/name list;27:19 wheel;27:27 mixed-company repetitions;28:16 wounded away from require continued lexical and textual review.
31:14,17: The stand toward them wording and Hebrew its arm are retained provisionally; their precise syntax and collective referents need specialist review.
32:32: The displayed Hebrew terror suffix is provisionally read his; its written/read-form relationship requires specialist review and is not claimed to have been collated.
36:5: Hebrew’s final pastureland/plunder expression is provisional; no emended verb is claimed.
36:14: The displayed Hebrew tekhashsheli is translated cause to stumble; its relation to a bereave reading needs specialist written/read-form review.
36:31: Greek before them retains a nonreflexive pronoun whose precise antecedent needs further review.
37:19: Hebrew upon it and with Judah’s stick has a compressed relation; the translation preserves the components provisionally while Greek explicitly has Judah’s tribe and hand.
38:2–3: Hebrew rosh as chief is provisional; name/title alternatives require specialist review. Greek explicitly presents Rhos as a name.
38:8: Greek’s third-person he and this-one references remain as displayed; their antecedents have not been regularized to match Hebrew’s you.
39:2: Hebrew shishshe’tikha is provisionally drive you on; no one-sixth numerical interpretation is imported.
39:14: Hebrew’s repeated travelers and burial-object construction requires specialist syntactic review; all displayed components are retained.
40:14: Hebrew’s sixty-cubit jambs and compressed courtyard/gateway fragment require architectural and syntactic review; no height is supplied.
40:16: The precise construction indicated by Hebrew closed and Greek concealed windows remains uncertain.
40:38–41: Greek’s second gate/drain sequence and opposite eight tables need specialist architectural review; the wording and counts remain uncollapsed.
40:43: Hebrew hooks is a provisional rendering of a rare fixture term; Greek independently has a hewn ledge and weather coverings.
Ezekiel 42:1–12: Architectural terms and compressed relations (especially Hebrew haginah and Greek phōs, projecting colonnades, and the interval of a reed) require specialist review. No reconstructed ground plan was imposed.
Ezekiel 42:16: Mechon Mamre [H2] directly confirms a written/read distinction supporting five hundred. A printed BHS reading and apparatus check remains outstanding; that apparatus has not been consulted.
Ezekiel 43:2: Greek 'many redoubling' is rendered 'many redoubling their sound' from its auditory context; the precise comparison remains uncertain.
Ezekiel 43:13–17: Base/hollow, ledge/hilastērion, Ariel, and the Greek dimension above the horns require architectural review. All displayed quantities are retained.
Ezekiel 44:18,20: Greek bia is understood as tight girding; Greek's emphatic covering of heads is preserved rather than replaced by Hebrew trimming. The precise vesture and grooming practices need specialist review.
Ezekiel 44:25: Greek psychē anthrōpou lacks a separate dead adjective; the human-body rendering is contextual to the surrounding defilement rules, not a claim that psychē itself always means corpse.
Ezekiel 45:21: Hebrew displays shevu‘ot yamim, literally 'weeks of days,' beside Greek's explicit seven days and the seven-day festival in verse 23. The unusual Hebrew wording is retained and requires specialist review.
Ezekiel 45:10–14: Greek measure names and the oil equivalence/proportion must be checked in specialist metrological study; none is assigned a modern volume or silently harmonized to the Hebrew.
Ezekiel 46:12: Greek homologia and the compact burnt-offering/well-being sequence are translated as a pledged offering without supplying Hebrew's explicit 'or.' Specialist ritual review remains appropriate.
Ezekiel 46:22–23: Hebrew qeturot and the relation of rows to cooking places are provisional; Greek small courts and recessed chambers are preserved separately.
Ezekiel 47:8–12: Compressed water/sea clauses, Greek healing-and-living subjects, 'it shall be by itself' (10), and the tree's newness/growth (12) remain qualified translations.
Ezekiel 47:13,15–20,23: The unusual Hebrew geh, Greek measured-portion phrase, differing boundary names and syntax, and Greek tribe-of-sojourners construction need specialist review. No modern geographical reconstruction or harmonized tribal assignment is claimed.
Ezekiel 48:16: Both the publisher's Hebrew display and Mechon Mamre [H3] repeat five in the southern dimension. Four thousand five hundred is provisionally read once from the parallel measurements and verse 33; the origin of this received-text/display feature remains unresolved. No printed BHS apparatus resolution is claimed.
Ezekiel 48:1,20–22,28: The boundary description and prepositional relations remain compressed, particularly Greek plural rulers in verse 22 and inheritance in verse 28. No harmonized map is claimed.
Greek Ezekiel 41: The Rahlfs–Hanhart 2006 publisher page remained inaccessible. The complete Rahlfs 1935 Wikisource transcription was read and used with explicit attribution; compare it against the printed edition and the 2006 running text when those are accessible.
Ezekiel 41:6–8,11,15–17,21–22,25–26: Chamber count, taking-hold/seeing clause, thrael, ’atsilah, remaining-area relations, window arrangements, square openings, and canopy/fine-timber terms remain technically uncertain. Literal clauses and dimensions are retained; no precise floor plan is claimed.
Review record
bounded second agent review
Actual source caches plus newly accessed Mechon Mamre Hebrew at 42:16 and 48:16. Corrected the finite Greek healing/living phrase at 47:9, clarified 42:16's written/read evidence, and revised four categories. No full-book second reading or apparatus collation claimed.
References: 41:6, 42:16, 43:3, 44:20, 45:14, 45:21, 47:9, 48:16.
editorial review
Producer reviewed translation choices progressively against directly read source text. Chapter 26–30 editorial review covered all English rows and focused source checks at 28:13–16 and 29:1,3; this was not a complete independent rereading of that collaborator's block. Selective primary reception checked through identified English translations. A separate second agent checked eight difficult temple-vision rows: 41:6, 42:16, 43:3, 44:20, 45:14, 45:21, 47:9 and 48:16. Findings were assessed and integrated; this was not full-book independent certification.
initial translation
Progressive direct reading and independent translation of the chapters recorded below.
not claimed
Qualified independent human scholarly review
Book-specific critical-apparatus or manuscript collation
Comprehensive rabbinic or patristic reception survey
source exception
Greek only: directly read Rahlfs 1935 transcription credited in source G41. No printed scan, apparatus, or identity with the inaccessible 2006 page is claimed.
Disparate index
Ezekiel 1
1:7 — Text: Hebrew gives calf-like soles; Greek gives winged feet and adds light wings. This materially changes the creatures’ bodily imagery, beyond the shared straight legs and bronze-like brilliance.
1:20 — Text: Hebrew locates the direction in the spirit and names the spirit of the living creature; Greek introduces the cloud as the locator and names a spirit of life. Both preserve the coordinated ascent, but its depicted guidance and animating designation differ materially.
Ezekiel 3
3:15 — Text: Hebrew names Tel-abib and gives appalled stillness; Greek has aloft, adds movement around the inhabitants, and gives living among them. The Hebrew displayed wa-esher clause is left syntactically awkward rather than silently changed to a sitting verb.
3:20 — Text: Hebrew says God places a stumbling block; Greek says torment. This materially changes the depicted divine action, while both preserve death after wrongdoing, the warning duty and non-remembrance of former deeds.
Ezekiel 4
4:5 — Text: Hebrew assigns years of iniquity and three hundred ninety days; Greek assigns two injustices and one hundred ninety days. Both the reckoning and its duration differ materially.
4:9 — Text: Hebrew prescribes three hundred ninety days; Greek one hundred ninety, again altering the duration. Greek also specifies an earthen vessel and plural loaves. The final cereal names are conventional renderings, not botanical certainties.
Ezekiel 5
5:2 — Text: Hebrew divides into thirds, Greek quarters and gives two separate burning portions. The Greek second burning clause is retained in full, not silently regularized to match the later disaster list.
5:6 — Text: Hebrew accuses Jerusalem of rebellion beyond the nations; Greek commands the prophet to speak ordinances to the lawless feminine referent and preserves difficult among/from comparisons. This alters the leading action and agency; Greek ereis is not translated as Hebrew rebellion.
5:12 — Text: Hebrew combines pestilence and famine within one third; Greek assigns death and famine separate quarters and reverses the order of dispersal and sword. All four Greek portions are preserved without merging.
5:14 — Text: Hebrew makes Jerusalem a reproach among surrounding nations; Greek instead includes her surrounding daughters in the devastation. Daughters is retained as the source image, with dependent towns a contextual interpretation.
Ezekiel 6
6:9 — Text: Hebrew’s niphal I was broken is retained with its difficult following objects; Greek says I have sworn. Hebrew self-loathing becomes Greek beating faces, and idols become pursuits. These alter both divine portrayal and human response.
Ezekiel 7
7:7 — Text: Hebrew 7:7 aligns with Greek 7:4. Hebrew announces tumult and denies a mountain shout; Greek denies both tumult and birth pangs, materially changing the imagery. Hebrew tsephirah, rendered doom, remains lexically uncertain.
7:11 — Text: Hebrew gives rising violence and repeated total losses; Greek gives shattering the lawless person’s support and denies tumult and haste. The Hebrew’s rare final abundance/eminence terms remain provisional, not silently replaced by the very different Greek.
7:13 — Text: Hebrew concerns the seller returning to property and an irrevocable vision; Greek concerns the buyer returning to the seller and lacks the vision clause. Greek’s difficult eye-of-his-life expression is retained without substitution from Hebrew.
7:14 — Text: Hebrew reports preparation followed by failure to go to war under wrath; Greek commands trumpet sounding and judging, with neither refusal nor wrath clause.
7:16 — Text: Hebrew depicts surviving fugitives moaning like doves; Greek explicitly has God kill all of them and has no dove image. The major outcome difference is preserved.
7:23 — Text: Hebrew commands making a chain and indicts blood judgments; Greek narrates making a confused mixture and says the land is full of peoples. The command, agency and accusation differ materially.
7:25 — Text: Hebrew announces anguish and plural seekers of peace; Greek announces exilasmos, propitiation, and a singular seeking verb. The startling Greek construction is preserved without harmonizing it to calamity.
Ezekiel 8
8:3 — Text: Hebrew has hair, plural visions and a jealousy-provoking image; Greek has the crown, a singular vision and stēlē tou ktōmenou, literally the pillar of the one acquiring. The obscure Greek designation is retained without changing it to jealousy.
8:5 — Text: Greek lacks the altar gate and image, ending with a difficult directional fragment involving an eastward gate. The fragment is not completed from Hebrew.
8:17 — Text: Hebrew describes renewed divine provocation and a branch toward their nose; Greek has neither clause, describing sneering instead. Their nose follows the displayed Hebrew; no substitution of My nose is made.
Ezekiel 9
9:2 — Text: Hebrew specifies linen and a scribe’s case; Greek a full-length robe and a sapphire belt. The writing equipment is not supplied to Greek. Greek also identifies the weapon as an axe.
9:9 — Text: Hebrew indicts bloodshed and perverted justice; Greek explicitly says many peoples and adds uncleanness to injustice. The land’s different contents are preserved without emendation.
Ezekiel 10
10:21 — Text: Hebrew has four wings each; Greek explicitly has eight. The Greek number is not regularized from chapter one or Hebrew.
Ezekiel 11
11:3 — Text: Hebrew has a negative near and an infinitival building-of-houses phrase whose precise force is debated; the wording is retained. Greek explicitly asks whether houses have recently been built. Neither column is conformed to the other.
11:11 — Text: Hebrew explicitly negates only the first clause; Greek separately and emphatically negates becoming meat. Hebrew’s second clause is retained affirmatively without supplying a repeated negative.
11:15 — Text: Hebrew repeats brothers and speaks of kinship, with whole/all describing Israel; Greek has captivity and an explicit has-been-brought-to-an-end predicate. No destruction predicate is inserted into Hebrew.
Ezekiel 12
12:6 — Text: Hebrew has the prophet carry baggage upon a shoulder in dusk; Greek has the prophet himself lifted upon shoulders and concealed. The agency and action remain distinct.
12:12 — Text: Hebrew’s ruler carries and unnamed others dig; Greek’s ruler is carried and himself digs. Greek separately adds avoiding being seen, before his own inability to see the land.
Ezekiel 13
13:5 — Text: Hebrew addresses the prophets concerning breached defenses and battle; Greek uses third-person verbs, a firm position, gathered flocks and speakers who did not rise. Greek’s gathered-flocks clause is not converted into Hebrew’s fence.
13:18 — Text: The displayed Hebrew yaday is provisionally retained as My hands despite the difficult context; Greek has an arm without that possessive. Hebrew stature/hunting/second-person preservation differs from Greek age/distortion/passive lives and third-person preservers. The exact function of cushions and coverings is not invented.
13:20 — Text: Hebrew repeats the difficult flying-things expression with hunted lives; Greek gives entangling, twisting away and dispersion. The doubled Greek Lord and the repeated life wording are retained. Neither column supplies an unmentioned ritual mechanism.
Ezekiel 14
14:8 — Text: Hebrew sign and proverbial example becomes Greek wilderness and devastation. Both retain divine opposition and removal.
Ezekiel 15
15:4 — Text: Hebrew describes two burned ends and a charred middle; Greek describes annual pruning and total exhaustion. The Greek question explicitly expects a negative response.
Ezekiel 16
16:4 — Text: Hebrew names an uncut cord; Greek expressly says unbound breasts. Greek lacks Hebrew’s cleansing-purpose word. The unusual Greek body part is not replaced from Hebrew.
16:5 — Text: Hebrew has no compassionate eye without naming God; Greek explicitly says My eye. Hebrew rejection of the infant’s life contrasts with Greek its crookedness; neither is softened or harmonized.
16:7 — Text: Hebrew begins with a myriad and speaks of adornment; Greek commands multiplication and explicitly says cities of cities. The surprising Greek phrase is retained; no maturation phrase is substituted for it.
16:15 — Text: Hebrew ends affirmatively, it would be his; Greek expressly negates, which shall not be. The difficult opposite endings are preserved.
16:16 — Text: Hebrew patched high places becomes Greek sewn idols. Hebrew’s obscure impersonal final negatives differ from Greek’s explicit second-person shall-not-enter followed by an impersonal negative.
16:21 — Text: Hebrew calls them My sons; Greek your children. Hebrew passing-to-them lacks an explicit fire noun; Greek apotropiazomai gives averting rites, without specifying their exact procedure.
16:27 — Text: Hebrew recounts past action against an allotted portion and ashamed Philistine daughters; Greek gives a conditional future, ordinances, foreign daughters and their turning Jerusalem from her way.
16:28 — Text: Hebrew explicitly names Assyrian sons; Greek daughters. Greek also lacks the initial causal because-you-were-not-satisfied clause.
16:30 — Text: Hebrew addresses a weak heart and a domineering prostitute; Greek asks about Jerusalem’s daughter and begins a threefold-prostitution clause continued in 16:31.
16:31 — Text: Greek completes the preceding daughter clause and explicitly affirms likeness to a paid prostitute; Hebrew negates the likeness and speaks of scoffing at payment. No negative is added to Greek.
16:32 — Text: Hebrew names strangers taken instead of a husband; Greek explicitly describes receiving payments from her husband.
16:33 — Text: Hebrew begins with gifts paid to prostitutes; Greek has the wife paying those who prostituted her. Greek loaded them up is retained for phortizō without changing it to the Hebrew bribery verb.
16:54 — Text: Hebrew concludes with Jerusalem comforting the sisters; Greek with Jerusalem provoking God.
Ezekiel 17
17:3 — Text: Hebrew describes feathers and their variegation, with arrival in Lebanon; Greek talons and authority to enter. Greek choice parts is plural.
Ezekiel 19
19:7 — Text: Hebrew’s unusual knew-his-widows clause is retained, without changing widows to palaces. Greek has feeding in boldness and explicit active destruction of the land.
19:10 — Text: Hebrew in your blood remains an unresolved displayed expression. Greek instead has a blossom on a pomegranate tree and expressly names fruit and shoot.
19:11 — Text: Hebrew plural rods and scepters contrasts with Greek one rod and a tribe. Greek’s unusual active saw is retained against Hebrew’s passive was seen; its exact subject remains open.
19:14 — Text: Hebrew fire consumes fruit and ends the ruling scepter; Greek consumes her and explicitly gives a tribe and a parable of lament. The closing past/future distinction is retained.
Ezekiel 20
20:26 — Text: Hebrew past defilement contrasts with Greek future. Greek explicitly makes Me the subject of passing through and lacks the final recognition-purpose clause. Neither verse here names fire; Hebrew 20:31 does.
20:31 — Text: Hebrew explicitly names sons passing through fire; Greek instead has firstfruits and separations, without sons or fire. Greek adds the rising-upon-your-spirit clause corresponding to the opening of Hebrew 20:32; it is translated here only once.
20:37 — Text: Greek explicitly says My rod and by number; it lacks the Hebrew covenant bond.
20:39 — Text: Hebrew commands serving idols; Greek commands removing practices, a material reversal. The doubled Greek Lord is retained. The difficult following if-not clause remains conditional rather than being silently turned into an affirmative promise.
Ezekiel 21
21:8 — Text: Hebrew removes righteous and wicked; Greek explicitly removes unjust and lawless. Greek lacks the introductory thus-says-YHWH formula here and uses dagger for encheiridion.
21:9 — Text: The righteous/unjust difference recurs, together with Hebrew south versus Greek east.
21:15 — Text: Hebrew’s difficult rejoicing/son’s-rod clause contrasts with Greek commands to the sword and readiness for paralysis. The Hebrew rod expression is left as a compressed fragment rather than confidently resolving its syntax.
21:18 — Text: Hebrew testing and a difficult rod clause contrasts with Greek justification and a rejected tribe. The doubled Greek title is retained.
21:31 — Text: Hebrew commands removing both insignia and changing high/low status; Greek reports removal of the tiara but putting on the crown, followed by accomplished lowering and raising.
21:35 — Text: Hebrew commands returning the sword to its sheath; Greek has no sheath and explicitly prohibits lodging at the birthplace.
Ezekiel 22
22:16 — Text: Hebrew weniḥalt is provisionally taken as being profaned; its form and sense require further specialist review. Greek explicitly has God taking possession, and its final you is plural against Hebrew’s singular city.
22:25 — Text: Hebrew accuses a conspiracy of prophets, with one lion and taking wealth; Greek accuses leaders, with lions, power and unjust payments. Greek shifts from her to your widows.
22:29 — Text: Hebrew’s people of the land are the perpetrators; Greek makes them the object of the preceding prophets’ oppression. This subject/object reversal is preserved.
Ezekiel 23
23:20 — Text: Hebrew names lovers or male concubines and emission; Greek specifically names Chaldeans and genitals. The ancient sexual comparison is retained without elaboration.
23:34 — Text: Greek has no draining, gnawing shards or tearing breasts; it instead announces removal of her festivals and new moons.
23:43 — Text: Hebrew’s worn-out adulteress and difficult now-clause differs from Greek’s explicit negative question and completed prostitution. The Hebrew verbal form and final fragment remain provisional; no confident reconstruction is claimed.
Ezekiel 24
24:7 — Text: Hebrew says the city placed and did not cover the blood; Greek makes God the first-person agent of both actions.
24:13 — Text: Greek lacks Hebrew’s lewdness and I cleansed you declaration, and recasts the remaining threat as a question.
24:17 — Text: Hebrew silent groaning, headdress, sandals and uncovered upper lip contrasts with Greek’s difficult blood/loins/mourning phrase, negative hair-and-footwear construction and no comfort from their lips. The explicit Greek negative is not removed to align the actions.
24:23 — Text: Hebrew headdresses becomes Greek hair; most substantially, Hebrew mutual groaning becomes Greek mutual comforting. Greek’s positive footwear clause here is kept despite its negative construction in 24:17.
Ezekiel 26
26:2 — Text: Greek nations have perished and the full one laid waste differ from Hebrew the gateway of peoples broken and Tyre's expected filling. The compact feminine references remain contextual rather than being replaced with an explanatory commercial narrative.
26:20 — Text: Greek negative no rising in the land of life differs materially from Hebrew positive I-will-set-splendor in the land of the living. Hebrew's abrupt final promise is retained, not emended to match Greek; Greek everlasting wilderness differs from ancient ruins.
Ezekiel 27
27:4 — Text: Greek Beelim and sons differ from Hebrew your borders and builders. Beelim is retained as printed, without identifying a location.
27:6 — Text: Greek lacks oaks and has sacred places and wooded houses instead of Hebrew the difficult deck/ivory/boxwood construction. Hebrew boxwood reads the compact bat-ashurim phrase provisionally; its construction requires specialist review.
27:9 — Text: Gebal/Byblos names the same city. Greek strengthening counsel and west of wests differ from Hebrew repairing seams and exchanging merchandise; the unusual west phrase is retained geographically, not harmonized into trading.
27:16 — Text: The Greek list has people, mixed company, myrrh, Tarshish, and proper names Ramoth/Chorchor; it is not reconstructed from Hebrew Aram and textile/gem commodities. Hebrew stone names are provisional conventional equivalents; Greek's elliptical syntax remains visible.
27:19 — Text: Greek wine, Asel, and wheel differ markedly from the difficult Hebrew names and spice list. Vedan, Javan, and Uzal are provisional segmentation/identification of the printed Hebrew, not secure geographical conclusions.
Ezekiel 28
28:3 — Text: Greek uses questions and wise teachers rather than Hebrew the assertion about hidden things. Hebrew Danel preserves its spelling and does not decide the debated identity by silently normalizing it to Daniel.
28:13 — Text: Greek delight interprets Eden and substantially expands/reorders the stones, including silver. Its treasuries filled with gold differs from Hebrew the obscure workmanship/tuppim/neqabim clause, rendered provisionally as tambourines and pipes; settings and sockets is an alternative requiring review. All gemstone names are conventional equivalents, not secure modern mineral identifications.
28:14 — Text: Hebrew identifies the addressee as the covering cherub; Greek places him with a distinct cherub. Hebrew anointed and the construction of mimshach require review. Neither Satan nor Adam is inserted into the translation.
28:16 — Text: Greek the cherub expels the addressee, while Hebrew God removes the addressee called covering cherub. Greek you filled chambers and were wounded differs from Hebrew they filled your midst and I profaned you away. The awkward Greek wounded away from is retained without silently turning it into a divine expulsion verb.
Ezekiel 29
29:3 — Text: Hebrew I made myself differs from Greek I made them. The difficult Hebrew suffix is retained rather than changed to for myself or supplied it. Greek lacks king of Egypt here and uses rivers in the plural rather than Hebrew the boast's singular Nile.
29:7 — Text: Greek every hand prevailed against them differs from Hebrew tore every shoulder. Hebrew made loins stand is deliberately literal and unresolved; made them shake is not silently substituted. The printed Hebrew hand suffix and the whole reed metaphor require textual review.
Ezekiel 30
30:3 — Text: Greek end of nations differs from Hebrew cloudy day and time for nations; it also lacks the repeated opening day is near.
30:5 — Text: The ethnic list differs substantially, and Greek explicitly has My covenant rather than Hebrew covenant land. Greek the partitive of the sons is reflected as some of the sons; Cub and the covenant-land reference remain unidentified in Hebrew.
30:13 — Text: Greek magnates/rulers differs from Hebrew idols/worthless gods and prince; Greek lacks the final fear clause. Noph/Memphis is the corresponding city-name pair, not a conflicting location.
30:16 — Text: Greek Syene/Diospolis and outpouring waters differs from Hebrew Sin/No/Noph and enemies by day. Hebrew the final terse clause is provisional and is not harmonized with the Greek flood language.
30:24 — Text: Greek conquest and plunder differs from Hebrew Pharaoh's arms broken and his groaning before Babylon's king.
Ezekiel 32
32:27 — Text: Hebrew explicitly says they will not lie with the mighty; Greek affirmatively says they lay with ancient giants. Hebrew uncircumcised becomes Greek long ago, and the final terror clause has a different subject/object relation.
32:29 — Text: Hebrew names Edom, kings and princes; Greek names Assyria’s rulers. Greek has wounded rather than the Hebrew uncircumcised in the closing clause.
32:30 — Text: Hebrew Sidonians becomes Greek Assyria’s generals. Greek lacks the ashamed predicate and again gives torment instead of shame.
Ezekiel 34
34:16 — Text: Hebrew destroys the fat and strong; Greek has no fat animal here and explicitly guards the strong. The opposite treatment is preserved.
Ezekiel 36
36:12 — Text: Hebrew people walking becomes Greek people being born. Hebrew the land no longer bereaving them becomes Greek the land no longer being bereaved of them.
36:13 — Text: Hebrew makes the land bereave its nations; Greek makes its nation bereave the land, with a singular nation.
Ezekiel 37
37:19 — Text: Hebrew sticks become Greek tribes before the final staff, and Hebrew My hand becomes explicit Greek Judah’s hand. Hebrew’s compressed upon-it/with-Judah relation remains provisional.
Ezekiel 38
38:7 — Text: Hebrew their guard becomes Greek a guard for Me.
Ezekiel 39
39:6 — Text: Hebrew burns Magog and secure coastal inhabitants; Greek burns Gog and positively promises peaceful island habitation.
39:28 — Text: Hebrew explains exile, gathering and leaving none behind; Greek instead gives God’s appearing to them among the nations.
39:29 — Text: Hebrew My Spirit becomes Greek My wrath. Neither column is conformed to the other.
Ezekiel 40
40:17 — Text: Hebrew outer courtyard becomes Greek inner courtyard, and paving becomes colonnades.
40:44 — Text: Hebrew singers’ chambers and an east-gate location becomes Greek two recessed chambers and a south-gate location. The directions are not harmonized.
Ezekiel 43
43:3 — Text: Hebrew has first-person 'when I came to destroy'; Greek 'when I was entering to anoint' and explicitly names the chariot. Neither verb is conformed to the other. Greek's historical present 'I fall' is retained.
Ezekiel 44
44:20 — Text: Hebrew requires trimming rather than unrestrained growth; Greek prohibits stripping the hair and emphatically requires covering the head.
Ezekiel 45
45:14 — Text: Hebrew requires a tenth of a bath from the larger kor/homer and repeats the ten-bath equivalence; Greek requires one cotyle out of ten and calls ten a gomor. These proportions are not equalized.
Ezekiel 48
48:35 — Text: Both give an eighteen-thousand circuit. Hebrew explicitly names the city YHWH Is There; the actual Greek running text read here has a repeated name statement without that divine name. The Hebrew closing designation is not supplied to the Greek column.
Patristic: Tertullian, Against Marcion III.24 [P1], associates Ezekiel's city with John's New Jerusalem and the future kingdom after resurrection. This reception does not resolve the different closing name statements in the two running texts.
Sources actually consulted
All access dates are the preparation date stated above. Edition years identify publications, not dates of the underlying textual traditions.
[H] Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, edited by Karl Elliger and Wilhelm Rudolph; fifth corrected edition edited by Adrian Schenker (1997). Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Ezechiel.
Complete chapters 1–48 directly read by translating agents; 26–30 by the collaborating root agent. Exact routes and raw reads are recorded. Publisher running text only, no apparatus.
Access: Direct publisher Hebrew running text; no critical apparatus.
Publisher identifies © 1977 and 1997 Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. Independent English translation of ancient running text; no modern apparatus reproduced.
[G] Septuaginta, edited by Alfred Rahlfs; second corrected edition edited by Robert Hanhart (2006). Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Ezechiel.
Complete chapters 1–40 and 42–48 directly read by translating agents; 26–30 by the collaborating root agent. Chapter 41 uses separately declared source G41 because this publisher page remained inaccessible. Exact routes and raw reads are recorded. Publisher running text only, no apparatus.
Access: Direct publisher Greek running text; no critical apparatus.
Publisher identifies © 2006 Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. Independent English translation of ancient running text; no modern apparatus reproduced.
[G41] Ezekiel 41 in Alfred Rahlfs's Septuaginta (1935), as identified in the Greek Wikisource transcription; fixed revision 157850.
Chapter 41 only, all twenty-six verse labels. Separate one-chapter fallback after the Rahlfs–Hanhart 2006 publisher page repeatedly failed. The rest of the Greek translation uses the directly read 2006 publisher presentation.
Access: Direct reading of ancient Greek running text in a third-party transcription of the identified edition; no printed scan or apparatus.
Greek Wikisource identifies the parent edition as Rahlfs 1935 and the site text license as Creative Commons Attribution–ShareAlike 4.0. Credit: Greek Wikisource contributors, fixed revision 157850. English is an independent translation of the ancient running text; no modern apparatus is reproduced.
[R1] Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 92b; William Davidson Edition, English translation.
English discussion at paragraphs 1–16 read directly; note uses 2–4 on the dry bones. No independent Aramaic collation.
Access: Primary reception work accessed through its identified English translation; selectively paraphrased.
Sefaria version metadata identifies William Davidson Edition – English, CC-BY-NC; credit the William Davidson Talmud edition. Notes are short independent summaries.
[R2] Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 13b; William Davidson Edition, English translation.
Paragraph 8 directly read in English: reception of Ezekiel's apparent contradictions with Torah. No independent Aramaic collation.
Access: Primary reception work accessed through its identified English translation; selectively paraphrased.
Sefaria version metadata identifies William Davidson Edition – English, CC-BY-NC; credit the William Davidson Talmud edition. Notes are short independent summaries.
[R3] Babylonian Talmud, Menachot 45a; William Davidson Edition, English translation.
Paragraphs 5–22 read directly in English; notes use 5–9, 11–13 and 16–18. The continuation on 45b was not consulted. No independent Aramaic collation.
Access: Primary reception work accessed through its identified English translation; selectively paraphrased.
Sefaria version metadata identifies William Davidson Edition – English, CC-BY-NC; credit the William Davidson Talmud edition. Notes are short independent summaries.
[P1] Tertullian, Against Marcion III.22 and III.24; Peter Holmes, English translation, Ante-Nicene Fathers, volume 3 (1885), revised for New Advent.
III.22 and the relevant opening argument of III.24 directly read in English. Notes concern the forehead mark and the future city; no independent Latin collation.
Access: Primary reception work accessed through its identified English translation; selectively paraphrased.
New Advent identifies its revised presentation and copyright. Notes are short independent summaries of the identified primary work.
[P2] Irenaeus, Against Heresies V.15.1; Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, English translation, Ante-Nicene Fathers, volume 1 (1885), revised for New Advent.
Chapter V.15 directly read in English; note uses section 1 on resurrection. No independent Greek/Latin collation.
Access: Primary reception work accessed through its identified English translation; selectively paraphrased.
New Advent identifies its revised presentation and copyright. Notes are short independent summaries of the identified primary work.
[H2] Mechon Mamre, Hebrew Bible, Ezekiel 42:16.
42:16 only: written אמות and vocalized read מֵאוֹת. The adjacent English translation was not used as the translation base; no printed BHS apparatus was consulted.
Access: Direct Hebrew display, bounded written/read corroboration by the second reviewing agent; cached Hebrew reread by the producer.
[H3] Mechon Mamre, Hebrew Bible, Ezekiel 48:16.
48:16 only: the visible duplicated five. The adjacent English translation was not used as the translation base; the origin of the duplication remains unresolved.
Access: Direct Hebrew display, bounded form check by the second reviewing agent; cached Hebrew reread by the producer.
Chapter source routes
Ezekiel 1
Full directly displayed BHS 1:1–28 and LXX 1:1–13,15–28 read before independent translation; Greek 1:14 absent. No apparatus.
Ezekiel 2
Full displayed Hebrew and Greek chapters read directly before independent translation; Hebrew recovered through publisher German-prefix route. No apparatus.
Ezekiel 3
Full displayed Hebrew and Greek chapters read directly before independent translation; Hebrew recovered through publisher German-prefix route. No apparatus.
Ezekiel 4
Full BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart Greek running chapter directly read before independent translation. No apparatus.
Ezekiel 5
Full BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart Greek running chapter directly read before independent translation. No apparatus.
Ezekiel 6
Full displayed BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart chapters directly read before independent translation; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 7
Full displayed BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart chapters directly read before independent translation; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 8
Full displayed BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart chapters directly read before independent translation; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 9
Full displayed BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart chapters directly read before independent translation; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 10
Full displayed BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart chapters directly read before independent translation; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 11
Full displayed BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart chapters directly read before independent translation; Greek recovered through publisher’s German route after English-route access error; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 12
Full displayed BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart chapters directly read before independent translation; Hebrew recovered by exact publisher search and reopening; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 13
Full displayed BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart chapters directly read before independent translation; Hebrew recovered through publisher’s German route; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 14
Full displayed BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart chapters directly read before independent translation. Hebrew displayed without verse numerals; twenty-three sof-pasuq units aligned consecutively. Greek full publisher body recovered by exact-URL search after direct access failure. No apparatus.
Ezekiel 15
Full displayed BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart chapters directly read before independent translation; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 16
All sixty-three BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart units directly read before independent translation. Hebrew 1–50 in first response and 51–63 in tail; Greek complete main text in full response. No apparatus.
Ezekiel 17
All twenty-four BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart units directly read before independent translation; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 18
All thirty-two BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart units directly read before independent translation; Greek final 29–32 read in the second response; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 19
All fourteen BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart units directly read before independent translation; no apparatus.
Ezekiel 20
All forty-four BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart units directly read before independent translation; no apparatus. Both actual chapter pages end at 20:44.
Ezekiel 21
All thirty-seven BHS and Rahlfs–Hanhart units directly read before independent translation; no apparatus. Both actual chapter pages begin with the forest oracle and end at 21:37.
Ezekiel 22
Both complete displayed ancient running texts read directly; thirty-one Hebrew and thirty-one Greek verses independently translated. No critical apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 23
Complete forty-nine-verse BHS text and complete forty-nine-verse Rahlfs–Hanhart Greek text directly read. Greek was recovered through the publisher’s LXX,VUL parallel page after the single-edition route initially returned an error; the Latin column was not a translation base.
Ezekiel 24
Both complete publisher ancient texts read directly. Hebrew displayed without verse numerals; twenty-seven sof-pasuq units provide the sequential verse boundaries. Greek displays twenty-seven verse labels.
Ezekiel 25
Both complete seventeen-verse ancient running texts read directly. Greek initially failed and subsequently opened successfully at the exact publisher route.
Ezekiel 26
Complete ancient-language 26:1–21 actually read; Greek Englishlocale403 thenfullGermanlocale access. Source read and independent paired translation by collaborating root agent; no apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 27
Complete ancient-language chapter actually read; Hebrew 36 verses and Greek 35 printed verses, with 31 absent. Source read and independent paired translation by collaborating root agent; no apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 28
Complete ancient-language 28:1–26 actually read. Source read and independent paired translation by collaborating root agent; no apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 29
Complete ancient-language 29:1–21 actually read. Source read and independent paired translation by collaborating root agent; no apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 30
Complete ancient-language 30:1–26 actually read. Source read and independent paired translation by collaborating root agent; no apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 31
Both complete eighteen-verse publisher ancient texts directly read and independently translated, with no apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 32
All thirty-two Hebrew verses and thirty-one printed Greek source verses directly read. Greek has no 32:19 label; related material is in 32:21, and 32:22 contains material corresponding to Hebrew 32:23. Greek 32:25 is only a brief continuation. No apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 33
All thirty-three Hebrew verses and thirty-two printed Greek source verses directly read. Greek 33:25 is an introduction only; 33:26 is absent; 33:27 continues the speech. No apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 34
All thirty-one Hebrew and thirty-one Greek verses directly read; a second full Greek open supplied the initially truncated ending. No apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 35
All fifteen Hebrew and fifteen Greek verses directly read. Greek obtained from the publisher’s German-locale page after the English-locale route failed; same identified Rahlfs–Hanhart edition.
Ezekiel 36
All thirty-eight Hebrew and thirty-eight Greek source verses directly read in the declared publisher running texts. Greek 36:18 is brief; all actually displayed material translated. No apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 37
All twenty-eight Hebrew and twenty-eight Greek verses directly read. The initial combined response truncated Greek before 37:28; the complete Greek was read through the publisher’s LXX,VUL page. Latin was not a translation base. No apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 38
All twenty-three Hebrew and twenty-three Greek verses directly read, with the Greek 38:18–19 subject continuation retained once. No critical apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 39
All twenty-nine Hebrew and twenty-nine Greek verses directly read. Greek exact route recovered after initial failures. Greek 39:3–4 continuation kept once. No apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 40
All forty-nine Hebrew and forty-eight printed Greek source verses directly read. Greek 40:30 is absent; 40:7–9 has a different chamber/porch sequence, and 40:38–39 continues across labels. All dimensions and source labels preserved without imposing one architectural plan. No apparatus collated.
Ezekiel 41
Complete Hebrew BHS publisher and Greek Rahlfs 1935 transcription directly read; all twenty-six labels in each. Explicit exception to the remaining Greek chapters' Rahlfs–Hanhart 2006 base. No printed scan or apparatus checked.
Ezekiel 42
Complete actual publisher Hebrew and Greek running texts, all twenty labels in each. No apparatus inspected.
Ezekiel 43
Complete actual publisher Hebrew and Greek running texts, all twenty-seven labels in each. No apparatus inspected.
Ezekiel 44
Complete actual Hebrew text read with thirty-one sof-pasuq verse endings (publisher display lacks numeric labels); complete Greek labels 1–31 read. No apparatus inspected.
Ezekiel 45
Complete actual publisher Hebrew and Greek running texts, all twenty-five labels in each. No apparatus inspected.
Ezekiel 46
Complete actual publisher Hebrew and Greek running texts, all twenty-four labels in each. No apparatus inspected.
Ezekiel 47
Complete actual publisher Hebrew and Greek running texts, all twenty-three labels in each. Greek recovered via ordinary trailing-slash page after an initial fetch failure. No apparatus inspected.
Ezekiel 48
Complete actual publisher Hebrew and Greek running texts, all thirty-five labels in each. No apparatus inspected.